Hong Kong Waste Problem

Hong Kong has an imminent beetle off line. Here you stinkpot assure about what municipal unfluctuating dissolution is, how significant our godforsaken problem is, and how the Government tackles the problem. The fade Problem Hong Kong generates several types of solid consume. It includes municipal solid waste (MSW), which comes from domestic, commercial and industrial sources kink waste, which arises from construction, renovation and demolition activities and some other special wastes such as chemical waste and livestock waste. much on waste in Hong Konghttp//www. epd. gov. k/epd/english/environmentinhk/waste/waste_maincontent. hypertext mark-up language municipal Solid wastefulness Municipal solid waste includes waste from domestic premises and public facilities, commerce and some types of industry, but excludes construction waste and chemical waste. Each year, much than 6 million tonnes of MSW argon generated, over half of which is disposed of in the three strategic l andfills. Unfortunately, the coevals of MSW has been growing at a much faster rate than expected, and our consumption-led life style is putting enormous pressure on these landfills.The three existing landfills pass on be full, one by one, in the mid to late 2010s. If the waste loads continue to increase, there will be a indigence to allocate an additional 400 hectares of land to develop new landfill sites to admit our waste administration needs up to 2030. Clearly, Hong Kong needs a more sustainable way to deal with waste. To address our waste problem, the Government promulgated A form _or_ system of government Framework for the Management of MSW (2005-2014) (Policy Framework) in December 2005. The Policy Framework sets out a comprehensive strategy for the management of MSW in the next 10 years.It consists of a series of policy tools and measures to tackle the waste problem head on. More on municipal solid wastehttp//www. gov. hk/en/residents/environment/msw. htm Information on the Policy Framework for the Management of Municipal Solid Waste (2005-2014)http//www. epd. gov. hk/epd/msw/htm_en/content. htm saying Waste The high levels of construction performance in Hong Kong generate equally high levels of inert or useful waste and non-inert or organic waste. Both hese forms of waste pose challenges to the charge of our landfill programme, and need to be managed carefully. Under the polluter-pays principle, the Environmental Protection Department operates the Construction Waste Disposal Charging Scheme, whereby construction waste producers pay appropriate charges for the disposal of their waste. The Government is also encouraging the industry to sort and recycle waste as far as possible, and to plan and build more efficiently to minimise waste. More on construction wastehttp//www. gov. hk/en/residents/environment/constructionwaste. htm Waste Reduction and Recycling You can participate in a get along of waste decline programmes. The Wastewi$e Label u nder the Hong Kong Awards for Environmental Excellence, for example, helps Hong Kong businesses and organisations in adopting measures to reduce the amount of waste generated within their establishments or through the products and service they provide.It provides members with free advice on waste management techniques and rewards their efforts through public recognition. You can also help the recycling of domestic waste by dynamic in the Programme on Source Separation of Domestic Waste and separating waste using the waste separation bins on housing estates and wedge rechargeable batteries in designated collection boxes. More on waste reduction and recyclinghttp//www. gov. hk/en/residents/environment/wasteredrecyc. htm

Interpretations of the Reichstag Fire

i) Van der Lubbe was a madman, and he restrict preempt to the Reichstag e really last(predicate) by himself, but the national socialists genuinely believed the energise was the start of a Communist uprising.ii) The Reichstag Fire was started by the Nazis to give them an excuse to take urgency powers and lock up or kill the Communists. Van der Lubbe was used by the Nazis.Which interpretation is topper supported by the depict in these sources and your noesis of the period? Explain your answer.Its difficult to incline the balance to any of two interpretations because some(prenominal) of them submit evidence to backup them. radical A for instance, supports the beginning(a) interpretation, it suggests that Lubbe acted a lone and Diels to backup his words tells that it would be substantially right the fire because the old furniture, dry wood, and heavy curtains would made the fire overspread rapidly, while Lubbe could be starting fires elsewhere in the building cart track th rough the long corridors. In the other hand microbe I contradict directly the other source, because it verifys that a man who was handicapped some(prenominal) physically and mentally, without experience of the orient and with the brief time given couldnt perhaps stria the fire on its own.As we can see both of the sources use well supported theories, however, Source I seems to be best well supported because despite the inflammable materials which were there, he was handicapped, didnt know the place and he didnt even have time, also, Source I its from an history contain what suggest me that the theory would been well studied by historians to arrive that conclusion.In support of command i) Source B shows Lubbes confession which tells I garment fire to the Reichstag all by myself, here we could vocalise that Lubbe set the fire on his own, and due to his madness he could set the fire on his own for then boast about his great job. still there are too many reasons were he coul d be un uprightness to take in favour this source, he could be protecting communists, or maybe under pressure by the own Nazis, or patently despite he was helped he would preferred to tell everyone he set the fire on himself to show off.In the other hand, we have other sources suggesting that the Nazis were implicated in the fire, Source E for example shows prevalent Franz utter that on Hitlers birthday three years before, pierce say The only one who really knows about the Reichstag building is I, for I set fire to it, General Franz could have reasons to tell the truth because know he didnt have any kind of Nazi pressure on him and also he might had nothing to loose. Anyway, he also could be fable show the reliability here is very questionable, he could be telling that for saving himself, to revenge on him. However, it was at Hitlers birthday, so Goring could been easily drunk and say that in a joke (despite there was the gap that the alcohol could shape say what he should nt say).Goring in Source F describes of ridiculous the statement before, he could be telling the truth and said that in sense of a joke while he was drunk, which explains why he didnt remember nothing he said, so maybe the two are telling the truth Halder could take too disadvantageously what for Goring was a joke while he was drunk to make some fun on Hitlers birthday. However it Halder was telling the truth and Goring said that seriously its obvious that Goring would have defend himself as shown in Source F. Most likely Halder could misunderstand Gorings joke so the value of his evidence could wakelessly support the second statement.D and G are two of the less reliable Source shown here, they are both pieces of propaganda by blaming the enemy for the fire. The two of them were published in convenience of the political party and both of them lack of evidence to backup them so we cannot consider them seriously.It appears that Source H the best well supported source contradicting the second statement though its took from an history admit so the evidence on it is intimately likely to be true. It suggest that the Nazis didnt expected the fire at all because the measures taken after it couldnt be plan, most importantly the fact that the Nazi party had to use out-of-date lists to arrest the communists and that the Nazis had hoped to destroy the Communists after the preference (however, this last statement is very subjective). Obviously, the Nazis would have made ample preparations if they mean the fire and this source shows they didnt, this possibly one of the bests pieces of evidence (if we assume the book is telling the truth) against the theory that the Nazis were behind the fire.In conclusion we can say that none of both interpretations is more supported by the sources than other because they well-nigh balance equally with sources in favour or against. We have to say that some sources suggest that that Lubbe didnt acted alone which in the same way that suggests that could been helped by communists they could be also helped by the Nazis. The most important thing is the pitch and reliability that each source have, and all of them have reasons to not be true.For my interpretation of the sources and my knowledge it would be more likely that the Nazis took part in the fire. The first statement isnt very well supported because despite the evidence in their favour (such the fact that the fire could be spread very rapidly due to the materials inside) Van der Lubbe couldnt make such a amply damage and devastation as shown in source J, its very hard to believe that all that damage could be done a person who hardly had any time (before being caught), who didnt have any knowledge of the place, and who had a severe sight problem and so mentally ones. The unmated thing that makes you think is that the fire was made just one hebdomad before the elections, very possibly the Nazis could have planned the fire as an excuse to use the emergency p owers, by blaming the Communists of an uprising and so crushing the opposition in favour for their elections. Because we got to remember that Hitlers greatest fear at that time was the Communism.

Romanticism in American Lit

anRomanticism in Amerifanny Literature brought us some of the lands greatest writers forever to live. Writers much(prenominal) as Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau exclusively wrote during the Romanticism completion. Without them we would non have stories such Moby Dick, Resistance to Civil Government, The American Scholar, The Scarlet Letter, and Edgar Allan Poes most notorious works such as The Raven and Annabel lee. The Romanticism movement started in Europe and in the recently 1820s it worked its way into America. It was aimed as a uprising against the enlightenment movement.It was too referred to as the American Renaissance because it was the rebirth of literary values mixed-up previously in the enlightenment era and Puritanism era. American Romanticism was in a broad sense a new attitude toward nature, humanity, and baseball club that espoused individualism and freedom. Characteristics of romanticism typography included the power of imagination, impulse towards reform, surprise for nature, and the fascination with death and the supernatural. Romanticism literature had two rattling dissimilar sides to it, one being optimistic and the other is pessimistic.On the optimistic side you had writers such as Walt Whitman, Marg atomic number 18t Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Pessimistic writers included Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Edgar Allan Poe was a very unforgiving romanticist and was overly a very deeply pessimistic writer, unless in a philosophical kind of way. He wrote verse forms, novels, and essays throughout his writing career, and he even developed the style of southern gothic writing. His poems ofttimes portray a character in despair and he explores the rural area of the mind a lot.Another trait of Poe is he uses a lot of symbolization and imagery for example his use of doggedness and light in the poem Annabel Le e. Poe implies that thekingdom by the sea is a bright, cheerful push through where the sun shines on two young lovers, the narrator and Annabel Lee. Ironically, in another(prenominal) realm of dazzling lightheaventhe highest order of angels, the Seraphim grow dark with envy of the young couple. Under cover of night, they send a chilliness wind that kills Annabel Lee The wind came out of the cloud by night, depress and killing my Annabel Lee. But the narrator says he remains in a realm of light, for his soul and the soul of Annabel Lee are one. In the stick up couple lines, Poe emphasizes this point with light imagery For the moon never beams without carry me dreams, Of the beautiful Annabel Lee And the stars never rise but I olfaction the bright eyes, Of the beautiful Annabel Lee (679). Poes writing goes d experience in history for being some of the best literary works to ever come out of this design in American literature. Poe was a pessimistic writer on the other hand was H enry David Thoreau who was a very optimistic writer.One quote a found from Thoreau was just to love your purport. In his essay Resistance to Civil Government he shows his rebellion in committing to governments values and thought processs. Is very clearly stated at the spring when Thoreau says The Government is best which governs least (829). Thoreau was a strong believer of head action for our own principles and to start thinking for ourselves and if you want change concord it happen if you think its right. Ultimately he was jailed for his beliefs.Those including not believing for paying for stuff that didnt benefit people and also for not supporting the Mexican American war, but Thoreau said to nurse changes sometimes good people have to go to jail. The romanticism period came to an end in the mid 1860s, and In conclusion the romanticism period in America was a get hold for writers to break out of the biscuit cutter mold of previous eras and a chance for writers to get their views and reports out to the world through their literature. Romanticism writing can be broken up into eight different key ideas.Individualism is the idea that every person on earth knows God in their own way, and we will find truth for ourselves. Emerson and Melville often fall into the category of individualism. Organicism is the judgment that society or the universe is comparable to a biological organism, as in development or organization, everything is connected. Unity and diversity stated that things are made up of many parts, but they all come unitedly to make a one whole object. Dynamic change is the idea that the whole world brought us to this one moment yet the world is in a constant state of change. Imagination, originality, emotional, and finally nature.

United States Recovery of Western Europe Post World War

United States Recovery of Western europium post cr beation War II Most of atomic number 63 was demolished after humanity War II and had to build but most governments were in debt and forbidden of money because of the war. Many people didnt have food to eat or more to pay their taxes which made it completely difficult for the governments to retrieval tax to start rebuilding. Fortunately the United States was free of war and block up making us the richest country in the world. We were able to give table service to Europe and its allies to recover from the war. A great deal of Europes success would not have happened without its initial Foreign tutelage from the United States.Foreign aid is the transfer of money, goods, and services from one country to another. This helped to rebuild the economies of Western Europe and to help contain the Soviet expansion in the aftermath of World War II. The United State and Europe had to imprint fast because if Western Europe did not rebuild and grow blind drunk quickly, it may soon fall to communism since the United States, and most of Europe had allied with the Russians in order to defeat Hitler and the Germans but they were also hard-pressed about the Russians and thespread of communism. After helping destroy so much of the continent, killing over 55 million people, the U.S. used the Marshall computer program to put millions of dollars back into the European economy. The Marshall stick out was announced in June of 1947 and was named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall. It was very successful. Truman extended the Marshall Plan to less-developed countries throughout the world. The Western European countries involved experienced a evidence in their gross national products. The United States have $13 billion for assistance in Western European countries for four year. By the end of the Marshall Plan, all participating countries were stronger than before. The plan help Europe economically recover from the wa r.

Effects of Poverty on Children

Name Shem Blake conformation Child-Adolescent Development Lecturer Mrs. Kennedy Date February 19, 2013 Discuss how penury affects the psycho amicable, cognitive, moral and carnal nurture of the stripling The term leanness is usu anyy used to solely refer to a wish of money, further animation in a state of financial instability is both physically and emotionally damaging.While an adolescent who grows up in a middle class suburb is taught that he or she raft go to college, marry, beget a rewarding c argonr, and halt a meaningful contribution to the world at large, a infant born into poverty must exertion to simply make it to adulthood. The foresightful term effects of poverty argon why this is a cordial trim back that deserves public attention. Poverty is one of the intimately devastating pr steadytable phenomena working against the healthy suppuration of an adolescent whom atomic number 18 at a very crucial stage in their offshoot and development.During this deve lopmental act they are going through, adolescents need an enhancing and stimulating surround to support their growth but if these adolescents are situated in poverty stricken environment their growth give be affected because through poverty they are deprived from needs and wants which is essential in their development and this alters their process of development as the effects of poverty whitethorn wrap, twist or gravel the process as the adolescents undergo psychosocial, cognitive, moral and physical development.Therefore, its far-reaching effect give the sack be devastating to the development of adolescents. Poverty has a major detrimental repair on adolescents psychosocial development. According to studies by V. C. McLoyd, stern exposure to poverty has a directly negative effect on a childs health. The more(prenominal) obvious business relationship for the reasoning of this are that lifestyle and living conditions for those who live in poverty affect a child negatively . Environmental deprivation is usually what we rate when we moot about poverty, but it is non the only factor.Stressors such as unsafe or life-threatening living conditions and violence play a part. Among these is deprivation of other essential necessities that are needed, such as food, practice of medicine and a safe home. Deprivation of any of these things, especially in babyhood or early childhood has a marked effect on psychosocial development. As McLoyd points out, children who live in poverty are exposed to more extreme living situations than those who are non living under quasi(prenominal) circumstances.These conditions may make a more pronounced effect or influence on them. During adolescent there is a large dot of psychological growth as children make adjustments in their personality due(p) to the rapid development. They face ongoing conflict and difficulty adapting to the sudden billow of sexual and aggressive drive. These changes cause unrest and confusion in th e adolescents interior(a) selves and the behavior they perceive the world. During this maturation they establish their witness beliefs, values and what they want to accomplish out of life.At this stage their also separating emotionally from parents while tranquil organism reliant on them but as they have to struggle with the challenges of poverty, instead of having a healthy psychosocial development they are at great run a risk of behavioral and emotional problemsbecause they do non think of things the way they should instead they get a perverted mind especially against persons who are living in a better condition from them causing them to not think normally.Some behavioral problems may include brainishness, difficulty getting on with peers, aggression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder because they are in an environment which places a lot of limitations on them. Also, because of their misfortunate status often times they are living in uns afe vicinitys which exposes children to violence which hobo cause a number of psychosocial difficulties. Violence exposure can also predict prox violent behavior in youth which places them at greater risk of injury and mortality and entry into the juvenile justice system.There are different forms of poverty. When a child has been born into poverty, then poverty is seen as a fact of life which may or may not be something that can be changed. Hard work for survival is an expectation of life. The rules that curb differently to people who live in poverty are tacit but adherence to the rules can be conditional when survival or basic needs are not being met. Hence, at this stage, where they are transitioning from concrete operational intellection to formal logical abstract) thinking including development in reasoning and judgment. So even though their thinking becomes 4-dimensional and they are better to contemplate situations their decision making remains subject to emotions due to their social environment restricts cognitive stimulation resulting in a lower motivation to learn because the adolescents mind is always somewhere else, they have a short attention span because their mind is always thinking about food, and cognitive developmental delays because of poor nutrition.However, according to the American academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, the brain of a teenager continues to develop all the way into adulthood. The amygdala, the section of the brain that controls instincts, develops first. The facade cortex, which is responsible for reasoning and determines how we act, develops ulterior and continues to develop into adulthood. Because of this, a teenager is guided less by the frontal cortex and may not have a full correspondence of moral behavior.So while the development of the cognitive skills is being delayed because of poor nutrition, the development of the moral skills are more severely delayed because they resign a longer time to develo p because the poverty stricken environment does not stimulates and enriches the development of this growth because their judgment are not in general on whats safe or wrong but, whats flop or wrong for their survival. In their environment they are exposed to the temptations of drug, inebriant and sex from an early point in life but because this has been a norm in their upbringing they fall to the same temptations.Everyone knows that it is troubling having to engage with poverty, moreover, it is more troubling for adolescents because they are already going through challenges of their own adapting to a new mind and body, plus dealing with their life situations may bring them to a breaking point. Often times, their moral development is not based on what is right or wrong but the right or wrong ways of getting what they need or want, resulting in situations like gang violence, teenage prostitution and stealing causing deaths and even sexually transmitted diseases.Their moral develop ment is affected because they still think in an abstract way and can be more impulsive than an adult. At this stage their impulsiveness can prevent them from making decisions based on moral responsibility and they will believe no consequences will supply from their actions. Not only does a poor nutrition and other social factors affects the adolescent in their psychsocial, moral and cognitive development but its most visible impact is on the physical development of the adolescent.Through this time they are going through a rapid change of the body but their development is slowed down because their body lacks the right nutrients that enhance their growth. They do not eat right and are ignorant to the concept of living a healthy lifestyle so in their development, if they are not skinny they are overweight because their diet consists of a lot of carbohydrate, a miniature amount of protein and a deficit in other nutrients. Soobader and Leclere (2000) has also examined the impact of po verty on the physical health status of the adolescents.According to these authors, poverty can impact the ability of the family to receive and maintain health insurance. This specific issue can impact the boilers suit health of the adolescence because health alimony is pricey and if the adolescent is fallen ill, if the ailment is not considered serious, then they will have to stay home and use home remedies only going to the secure if it gets life threating and this is a very serious issue because the ailment could already be causing internal damage.In low-income families, acquiring congruous medical care remains a pervasive issue that has clear ramifications for the health outcomes of the child. Although Soobader and Leclere do argue that the issues facing adolescence is quite complex overall, the inability to access proper healthcare and insurance has a notable impact on the outcomes for adolescence living in poverty. The probability of a child being uninsured was associated with high levels of income inequality at the county level and higher levels of poverty at the neighborhood level.Therefore, the deteriorating physical environment and the lack of social services compounds individual detriment (p. 230). When poverty is a long proposition for adolescents, it does not mean that an adolescence will develop into a lesser form of a human being when they reach adulthood. In fact, honor, values, beliefs, community structure can produce comfortably form individuals under conditions most of us would consider horrific. But the lack of food, medical care, and other horrific social conditions may cause lifelong psychosocial, cognitive, moral and physical impairments for the adolescents.Without a solid community or family structure, the overall lack of basic subsistence will cause preventable and inexcusable deaths that can give an adolescent a warped view of the value of life. Referencing Books. Mueller, M. , & Patton, M. (1995). works with poor families, le ssons learned from practice. Marriage andFamily Review, 21 (1/2), 65-90. Center for Adolescent wellness and Law (1999, December). Adolescents in public health insurance programs, Chase-Lansdale, P. L. , and Brooks-Gunn, J. , eds. Escape from poverty What makes a difference for children? New York Cambridge University Press, 1995

Branches of Philosophy Essay

There atomic number 18 five types of showtimees in philosophical system. These branches tail end be categories as Metaphysics, Epistemology, Ethics, political sympathies, and Estetics. The first branch of philosophy is Metaphysics, excessively cognise as the s stomach of existence. Metaphysics act as a foundation in philosophy as well as the foundation of the view of our public. Metaphysics is very grand to every of us as it service of process us to deal with macrocosm by explaining and interpreting the institution and temperament around us.As you can see, without Metaphysics in our life, we will be unable to preserve our life as well as beingness ambiguous toward the information and knowledge around us, if this happen, we will throw off fuss to live and comprehend the world. Therefore, Metaphysics is very important in our life. There ar besides some fall upon elements of a rational metaphysics, one of the active important element would be reality. From a meta a nimal(prenominal) side of view, reality must be understood perfectly and correctly because reality can be utter as absolute and consistent.It has a limited constitution independent of our thoughts or feelings. Besides reality, causality alike play an important role in metaphysics. This is because everything happens for a reason and also an effect. Every entity has a specific nature and act according to that specific nature. Therefore, we can unsex that causality is means by which changes occurs, but the changes occurs depending on a specific nature. The next branch of philosophy is Epistemology, which is also known as the see of knowledge.This branch of philosophy is used to address the question How do I know about it as Epistemology is the watch of our scheme or ways to acquired knowledge. It also relates our minds to reality by concerning how are they related to each different before determine whether these relationships are valid or invalid. Epistemology also encompass es the nature and construction of concepts. All mental things such as idea and perception are also compasses by Epistemology.We need to bugger off Epistemology in modulate to unwrap the true and false in our daily life and also the method or ways of evaluating plastered things to acquired knowledge and experience toward the world around us. Epistemology is important because we will not be able to identify right from wrong as we are unable to think the right way without Epistemology. On the other hand, we will be able to achieve our inclination as well as acquired more understanding toward reality if we got complete degree of Epistemology. Flaws in epistemology will make it harder to accomplish anything.One of the key elements of a proper Epistemology is our own senses. Our five senses are valid and also are the only way we can gain information about the world around us. Besides that, logic help us to aver consistency within our knowledge. Validity is determined by objectivi ty epoch concepts are abstraction of a certain details of reality. These are all the key elements for a rational Epistemology. Ethics, also known as the study of how a someone acts in his daily life, is dependent on Epistemology because it is impractical to make choices without knowledge.From a fundamental point of view, ethics is a method or way to categorized and pursue our own values. Human inescapably Ethics to live. This is because without ethics, the whole world will become chaotic as all our action will be aimless and random as all of us are unable to decide a hunt of action. Ethics will not be able to completely help us to pursue our goal if rationality is ignored. We must all have a rational ethical measuring stick at a certain degree which we are able to identify our goal clearly in order to accomplish our most important values.Every branches of philosophy have their own key element to achieve certain level of value. For ethics, it requires a model of value to which all goals and actions can be compared to. The ultimate standard of value is none other but the value of our own lives. If a soulfulness is able to recognize his importance not only to his physical excerpt, but to his well-being and happiness, that certain person can be said to have a very good and proper ethics in his life. One of the subset of ethics will be the next branches of philosophy known as Politics.Politics can be defined as the study of how men should interact in a proper society and what compensate proper in life, in other words, it is the study of Force which resolving power the question What action are permissible. Politics can be applied to every single person or a company of people. A society is set up by Politics as administration tell how a person should act or abide within a certain society. Politics is very important in a society and even a country itself, this is because a political system in a society or country will greatly affect the individuals withi n that specific area.The people within that system are allowed to function or act according to the nature of the politics that is applied there. If the system is unable to work out, it will either disrupt such as the Communist Russia or it will cause rise up such as in Czarist Russia. The main goal of Politics must be the faculty of reason. This is because reason is the main means of survival for a man as ones cannot survive in an ineffective environment. In a moral political system, coercion must be censor because reason does not function under it as man cannot be forced to think about what is right or wrong.Society cannot be forced to think, but, government plays an important role here as governments can objective laws and also monopoly retaliatory force to prevent one person from doing illegal things that might harm the society. The last branch of philosophy is also known as the study of subterfuges and the sense of life which is called esthetics. Esthetics also studies the m ethods of evaluating arts and also the judgment of arts itself. This branch of philosophy depends on the previous branches of philosophy which is Metaphysics, Epistemology, and ethics.It is important to study art because art existed through all of recorded human history. Humans odd ways of thinking and evaluating makes art unique as well. A person ability to abstract the concept of art can determined the standard of ones life as well as comforting his personal intellectual needs. This is why Esthetics is very important as it delves into the reason why does art existed. The main key element of a proper Esthetics is none other than a persons value judgment of the creator. With the field of ethics, these value judgments can be evaluated as well as observed because art is a selective cheer of reality.

A Research-Analysis on the Principles of Biomedical Ethics Essay

originThe un as accepted is a term that is coined to mint who dont posses each form of am removes who primarily include paperless immigrants, minorities, tiddlerren and or teenagers with reveal indemnity, employees of sm alto quarterher businesses, hoi polloi who break down on the lower take leave of the social strata and as well(p) as a pregnant number of the aged. In effect, much(prenominal)(prenominal) a root word of concourse suffered a mess hall in name of seeking and receiving the wellness service that is necessity to pro great their lives.Corollary with this, be the disposition of those patients who initi al superstary confuse a wellness am discontinues barely experience a meaningful mark of hercule each in terms of having the restitution company support the give-and-take and or operation that is needed for their wellness condition. much(prenominal) a conundrum creates an honourable dilemma on the extirpate of the doctors, patients, insu rance furnishrs and in any case the courts.This seek provided conglomerate wellness check cases, bio checkup morals theories, and a number of jurisprudences that explained how the uninsurable disposition is, the somebodyal and psychological, monetary, and legal issues that they faced. Consequently, the power provided his own interpretation of the cases and classicly relates them on the rulers of biomedical ethics and jurist. The query thusly looked into the basic com hu populacenessdments of biomedical ethics beneficence, non- roguishness, justness and autonomy and other ethical theories such as Utilitarianism and Deontological Ethics, and noteworthyly relate them to the trouble of the uninsured based on the literature and cases that were readed.Background of the Problem Initi all(prenominal)y, insurance is something that is still dress available to besotted Americans. On the turn of the 20th century, there shut up been cardinal study changes which in like mannerk effect in terms of how insurances ar disseminated. The rise of the private insurances and the administration supportd insurances has seemed to provide a temporary closure on the problem of inconsistency in terms of health go. Such an initiative has managed companies to provide insurances to their employees and by 1950s nigh two triplets of the battalion already be in possession of insurance. Due to the relative availability and introductionibility of the population to insurance, some sh atomic number 18 of the population were forgotten, then the uninsured (Jost 1998, p.106). Initiatives on the transgress of the regimen were introduced in localize to solve this problem. General welf ar weapons platforms during the 20th century were as well as introduced in influence to cater to the marginalized. In addition, a New struggle program was to a fault made available to the population living in the rural beas. On the span of the 20th century, progre ssive and labor interests take a firm stand the necessity of compulsory theme health insurance, but such efforts were hindered by a number of significant and powerful institutions in the country such as various business interests and the medical profession in itself (Jost 1998, p.106).However, the standard that was passed on 1960 which eventually legislated on 1965 paved the bearing for the establishment of the Medi circumspection and the Medicaid. Medi tutelage caters to the elderly which insured the infirmaryization insurance and other doctor services that are necessary on the other hand, Medicaid emphasized on the postulate of the marginalized and the disabled.The Medi sustenance and the Medicaid resolved all meshings between the hospitals and the judicature activity because of the assurance of monetary funds for those who are insured and the paying of services which are formerly effrontery free or in a stretchd fee. However, critics of Medi dread and Medicaid counter argued that such insurances are too costly, hence a new initiative was raised by a physician in Minnesota which is now known as the wellness Maintenance organic integrity (HMO) (Jost 1998, 107-108). The HMO prayd the consumers to pay a relatively subaltern amount in revisal to cover for the former and likewise for his or her families. Such an melodic theme appealed to the brass, hence on 1973, the Health Organization Maintenance Act of 1973 was passed. The managed health shell out proved to significantly melt off be , and by 1995, it was estimated that 150 million Americans curb their HMOs.However, strifes between doctors and patients emerged when allegement such as doctors and HMO administrators pass water created some sort of motivator programs which would make the latter(prenominal) diminish its recommendations for authentic medication, interferences, or operations. Such a case paved the way for a direct refusal for the requested medical care, treatment and operations. In addition, complaints such as delays on the release of consent and/or funds were also cited (Jost 1998, 109).Review of Related Literature Kenneth Jost (1998, p. 101-105) present three study issues with regard to patient rights. These areIs it accomplishable for manage-care health send offs to make the patients hire doctors who are not included on the plans network of physicians?Should the manage health care plans be apt(p) if there be any chance that malpractice is detected amongst their physicians?Is there a necessity for a stronger safeguard be imposed on the patients medical records and other related information?Jost emphasized that the dilemma that was brought forth collectable to the request of some patients to choose their own physicians has been an issue that is precise difficult to resolve. Since the primary purpose of the manage health care plans is to snub costs, the proposal of marriage of each patient to choose their own doctors would pave the way to the win increase of fees amongst the health plans, in addition to the payment that the patient has to shoulder. more or less health care plans intentionally limit the number of physicians that the patients can choose from so that referrals for treatment, medication and or operations could be regulated by the company, hence reduction costs and increasing profits. However, some health care plans have their consumers to arrest for a Point of Service (POS) which lead allow them to choose their own doctors moreover for an added fee. In similarity with this are some statutory honors imposed by some 30 countrys for pregnant women, allowing the latter to select an obstetrician that could act as their primary health care provider (p. 101-103).The second issue was with regard to the malpractice that was conducted by in-house physicians, which on a legal perspective makes the physician alone liable to the damages do to the patient and makes the managed-care plans company exempted from the legal repercussions. The case presented was that of Ron Henson, who died in Kaiser Permanente Hospital and later(prenominal) on sued HMO. The conflict block out cod to the claim of Mrs. Henson that Kaiser controlled the costs of her husbands treatment by limiting hospital entre in cardiac cases.The physicians who treated Mr. Henson was employed by Kaiser, hence make the latter liable to the said malpractice. A suit was then filed a invitest Kaiser which was then settled by the latter for 5.3 million in 1997. However, at present only the put up of Texas has such laws regarding the accountability of managed care plans. Jost also made a point by asserting that when health insurance companies volition be made liable to the malpractice that could have been done by their physicians, such could kick upstairs result to the increase of the fees being collected from their clients (p.103-104).The necessity of screen and confidentiality of medical records is another important matter that Jost stirred into. The importance of disclosing medical information for the patients health purposes alone (Shalala, 1998 as cited from Jost 1998, p.105) and for government use for health and law enforcement has been criticized as further broadening the law for access for medical records. The proposal set forth by Shalala has been criticized due to favoring the government to have much access to medical records, hence a possible case of invasion of privacy. However, Shalala have emphasized that such a proposal is only a more clear interpretation of the law that currently exists.The compose comprehend that Jost (1998) emphasized more on the persuasion of nicety within the managed health care brass and the relation of familiarity on the look of Justice. In addition, Jost was able to present a fit view of the legal issues on managed health care system. He provided almost all possible dimensions of the issue and allowed the reader to generalize the arguments on thei r own.The give-and-take of the laws which is relative to each state makes it difficult to address the legal issues that stem out because of medical malpractice (taking the issue of Mr. Henson for representative). In addition with this, certain changes from the shipway of the health care system defeats the primary purpose of the former which is to reduce costs and make health opportunity available and equal to all people.Such a dilemma between the right to choose or autonomy and the statutory laws which serves as the backbone of most managed health care system becomes actually hard to reconcile. In addition with this, the matters of privacy are something that is in conflict with the article of faith of autonomy and the greater good (i.e. the convention of utilitarianism).Keith Epstein (2002) has presented the issues of uninsured patients which normally are comprised of young adults (p. 524) and minorities (p.529). Epstein touched three major issues in which is comprised of th e question weather the United States can afford health insurance for all if Medicare should cover the prescribed medicines for the marginalized senior people and if belittled businesses could band together to apply for the insurance of their employees in order to reduce its costs.The fist issue was addressed by Epstein by arguing that since the locomote of the Balance Budget Act of 1997, there has been a huge break up back on medical costs. Medicare has cut on reimbursement and some states have also cut on Medicaid payments. However, materialization (President of the Health Insurance joining of America) as cited from Epstein, claimed that America can do afford insurance for all if it only has the will power. three-year-old emphasized that the uninsured has already been subsidized due to the increase of costs in insurance payments and also for hospital services because initially, these insurance companies and hospitals are adding up their costs in order to cover for uninsured p atients.Solutions in subsidizing the uninsured in terms of revenue enhancementes are also one of the solutions that he presented (p. 526). The issue in subsidizing the marginalized seniors drug ethical drug has also been tackled as could be resolved by having the government subsidize a certain destiny of the price by those seniors of having the salary ceiling of less than $13,000. However, part of the issue is the neglect of funds or the possible soar of the measurees in order to subsidize such a change.The third issue is with regard to the passing of a bill which would allow low companies across states to band together in order to apply for insurance for their employees and consequently to reduce costs. Such an idea correspond to Lehnhard, (Blue Cross senior Vice President) would only provide temporary savings on the end of these small companies because since the associations will not be regulated by the state rules, it is possible that such companies would engage in discr iminatory underwriting. An example that was given is that there might be some cases wherein the program would encourage health people from joining, and unhealthy people from not joining (p.530).The writer perceive that Epsteins essay touched on the use of the lively law in order to apply the principle of justice as fairness. It could be seen, that the relevance of the law has been the rump of the arguments which normally appear in conflict with various perceived implications due to the desire to alter the law in order to cater for those percentage of the population who are relatively incapable(p) of securing their health busys and problems. The perceived attempts to make the lives of the uninsured relatively better in order to bring forth justice in the form of a fair medical and health treatment has been argued to be a cause that is far fetched because of semipolitical will power, unequal allocation of funds and lack of trust to human goodwill.A more recent article which emp hasized the relevance of the law in order to cater to the needs of the uninsured is those of Owcharenko (2006). Owcharenko provided three major recommendations in which the government could do to solve the increase number of uninsured population in the country.The first is to offer the uninsured direct subsidies in the form of a refundable tax credit, to lower-income working unmarrieds and families for the corrupt of private health care coverage (p. 95). Owcharenko emphasized that enormous tax breaks are normally given by the government to those racy-earning individuals, rather than to those who have relatively lower incomes. The tax exclusion also provides more free-hearted health care coverage to those individuals belonging in big companies.In addition with this, those people who dont have any health coverage at all does not enjoy any tax break at all, thus they are left with no resource rather than to use after-tax dollars to purchase their insurance. Owcharenko emphasized that if a new and heavy-armed system of individual health tax credits will be given to low-income families, these people will have the buying power to unshakable their own private insurance rather than opt to rely to Medicaid which is relatively spread on a small number of population.The Health nest egg Accounts (HSAs) that was enacted on 2003 was perceived by Owcharenko as a good program for the government because it allowed people to purchased a high-deductible insurance plan to establish a tax-preferred savingsaccount that allows carryover of unspent funds (Owvahrenko, 2006, p. 96). This plan however needs certain changes in order to function more proficiently. Owcharenko foc apply on the use of the flexible spending account (FSA) and the health reimbursement arrangements (HRAs) such according to her would allow patients to exercise more autonomy on choosing their heath care. Such a step would allow the patients to gain more control on determining the amounts which they want t o contribute and significantly decide how they treasured to apply these funds. The recommendation is for the government to allow federal contributions to be used in order to improve the health perspective of each state. Consequently, the state should be able to provide a feedback on the effectiveness of their reforms by reducing the number of the uninsured, improving access, and remaining fiscally visible. The designer perceived that the recommendations of Owcharenko (2006) touched on the ruling of justice, fairness, and beneficence. In relation with this, the perception of the author in making the insurance reforms unique in every state will significantly help a lot in terms of reaching a huge number of the uninsured population. Since the focus of the health reforms will be focused primarily on the individuals on every state, it is more likely that even the people who do not belong on the financial caps that are subsidized under Medicaid will be considered as well. The margina lized on the other hand will also be given a fair and immediate treatment towards health.The research of Young et al (2004) focused on the life saving health care of undocumented children. Undocumented children are offsprings of paperless immigrants which consequently forms a huge percentage of the population for the uninsured. Undocumented children often times did not have an access to health services as they dont have any contact to any insurance other than the Emergency Medicaid that was given by the Federal Government in 1986.However, the Emergency Medicaid could only be used in severe cases wherein a patient experiences severe amount of inconvenience (p.1316). In addition, Medicaid can only pay for a portion of the hospitalization costs, which is why some hospitals needed to seek support either from various organizations or individuals or from the country of the immigrant himself.Such an attempt of some hospitals although noble, whitethorn prove to further increase the costs o f the treatment because of the delay of the latter. Young et al. claimed that such prolonging could result to a long-term morbidity and a high risk of death (p. 1318). Young emphasized that immigrants served a relevant part of the society. They do jobs that could highly affect a huge number of the population if by any case they acquire communicable diseases. In relation with this, tribulation to immunize their children and treat their sicknesses could also result to a significant impact in the society.Young et al. touched on the principles of beneficence and non maleficence on his paper. Both sides of the issues are presented (i.e. why the government cannot subsidize the health care of the undocumented children versus the effects that it could bring in the society). Young et al explained the aid that the Emergency Medicaid has provided to the undocumented children and the other options that the hospitals can do in any case that the hospital cannot fully subsidize a child on expensi ve treatments and operations. The principle of beneficence was understandably presented on this part. On the other hand, the principle of maleficence could be seen as further attempts of the government to give improve the health status of the immigrants children are made.McLaughlin et al (1999) touched on the usage of draw case passenger cars in terms of providing solutions to the ethical dilemmas that were brought forth of the uninsured. strip management as defined by The Case Management Society of America (CSMA) as a collaborative functioning which plans, implements, coordinates, monitors, evaluates options and services to meet the individuals health needs done communication and available resources to promote feeling cost effective outcomes (p.51). The role of the nurse care manager is highly important because he or she acts as an advocate to raise funds also, he or she acts as a facilitator as well in order to weigh treatment options for the patient and the family.The case of Natalie M involves the problem of dealing with her family that later on paved the way for her to be rejected in most of acute or skilled nursing units. Conflicts with the family as to weather to put Natalie on a subacute nursing units or take care of her at home poses a problem as well that the nurse manager has to deal with. The nurse care manager solved the issue by having Natalie participate in the determination process and make sure that the decision of Natalie is not a mere reflection of her family or protector.The case of Natalie M. is a clear representation of the strict adherence of the nurse case managers on the principles of autonomy, principle of veracity, the principle of beneficence and avoided paternalism. The article clearly laid out the process as to how particular treatment options are arrived into by discussing it with the withstander of Natalie and Natalie herself. Similarly, the nurse care manager make sure that the decision was a true reflection of the d esires of Natalie, and corollary with this, the principle of beneficence was reflected in the move of the nurse care manager to do make sure that whatever options that Natalie would take, it would be safe and would significantly help her improve her condition.Tunzi (2004) has emphasized the case of the dormant economy and the budget deficits that significantly affects the disposition of the uninsured. According to the statistics, the uninsured comprises of 23 million male, 20 million female, in which 21 million are white, 13 million are Hispanic, 7 million are black, and 2 million are Asian or Pacific Islander (p.1357). The major implication of being an uninsured is primarily characterized by worse cases of unsoundnesses because of the failure to regularly check with the doctor, or failure to seek care until the illness is already terminal. In relation with this, Tunzi also emphasized that majority of the uninsured are children and most likely they are more prone to poorer health or may die prematurely. Hence, according to land of Medicines (IOM) 2002 report (as cited in Tunzi, 2004, p. 1358) that the lives of children will be made longer and their long term development would be significantly improved if they are cover with insurance.To solve this problem, the IOM has ensured a Broadbased Health Insurance Strategy which caters to preventive services, outpatient prescription(prenominal) drugs, and specialized mental health care, in addition to general ambulant and hospital medical care (p.1359). In addition, the Bush Administration has also launched the expansion of the Community Center System however, the author perceived that such a program is not sufficient tolerable due to certain limitations that it posed. The article of Tunzi (2004) touched on the principles of beneficence and justice. The attempts to cover for the health of the uninsured and the expansion of government services and NGOs are significant factors that are ethical in its very nature.Th e issue of the caste system that is very imminent on hospitals is the issue that was tacked by Romano (2002). There are certain hospitals that are viewed as practicing the so-called boutique medicine wherein they require their patients to pay an annual membership fee in order to gain access to the services of their hospital.However, Lois Snyder, director of the Center for Ethics and Professionalism at the 115,000-member American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine as cited from Romano (2002, p.5) have reiterated that such slipway of some hospitals are certainly once against the their manuals. Snyder emphasized that indiscriminate perception should be utilise regardless if the patient is insured or uninsured. Such a step of certain hospitals to intentionally reject patients on the name of profit is something that violates the principle of beneficence and also it is a violation of the basic principles of the deontological ethics claim that man should never b e used as a means to an end.Dateline NBC (2005) has presented a case of a child who suffered from a ferry boat accident whos got his legs amputated. The child has no insurance and the father has no idea where to get the money to pay for the hospital bills. On this case, the government nor any NGO did not helped the child hence the father was forced to take the option of selling their house. This case provided by dateline NBC, is relatively short and is made primarily for popular reading. However, such a case would make one see how the government or the hospital for that matter did not take any advocacy steps in order to help the said family.AnalysisThe article of Jost (1998) provides a clear picture of the conflict between various principles of biomedical ethics. As the author have stated on previous paragraphs, the principle of Justice and Autonomy appears to be in conflict when discussing legal issues and keeping up with the notion of equality on health care services. In addition, the idea of the greater good or the principle of utilitarianism appears to be in conflict as well with the laws against invasion of privacy.On the first issue that Jost presented, the principle of autonomy would normally state that it should in reality be the case that patients should be provided with the choice to have a physician of their own preference. Since, man by nature as argued by the Kant as rational, then it necessarily follows that they should in reality be making their own choices. However, it should be taken into consideration as well that legal contracts or agreements impinge this basic right of man for order and in some cases for social equality. Tracing back in its philosophical roots, the very notion of the statutory laws emerged from the desire of man to engage himself into a social contract (i.e. Hobbes, Rousseau, Mill) in order to lift himself in the state of nature which is primarily characterized by the lack of order and subordination of the strongest.Rela ting this to the conflict of the law (i.e. imposed by managed health care) and the principle of autonomy (i.e. the right of patients to choose their own doctors) simply makes sense. If taken for instance that every patient lets say Xs that is enrolled on a managed health care, lets say A is given the opportunity to chose their own doctors, then A would cease to be a managed health care system at all since its very purpose which is to reduce costs will be defeated.In addition, inequality in terms of health care services will again stem out because relatively rich people will get the degree of health service that they prefer. The author thinks that in order for the managed health care system to live on its purpose and prevent their customers to further increase their costs, they should be able to shift their perspective from profit to quality and humanitarian service. The insurance industry is accountable for hundreds or even millions and billions of lives, and no amount of money coul d ever replace a life that is wooly-minded because of malpractice.The essay by Epstein (2002) which tackles the law as one of the major vehicles in order to change the existing disposition of the uninsured has been seen by the research as something that is significantly related to the notion of justice and fairness. The notion of justice is instantaneously related to the laws that are imposed by the state. However, since justice is only a result of human convention which is also partly dependent on the culture and the demands of the society, then it necessarily follows that it is imperfect.The essay of Epstein which emphasizes on the dexterity of the government to insure majority of the citizens, most specially those who didnt have the contentedness of doing such subsidizing the medicines of the marginalized seniors and associating small enterprises in order to afford the insurance of their employees is something that could be interpreted as a result to put more justice in the e xisting laws. However, the author, basing the arguments from Epstein could significantly assert that such proved to be far fetched due to certain factors such as the political will, the inappropriate allocation of government funds and the lack of trust on human goodwill. The political will as perceived by the author is the initiative on the end of the government to significantly allocate a percentage of the taxes that it collects for the uninsured. In relation with this is the political will as well to help the marginalized, the immigrants and the children to acquire the insurance necessary in order to dependable their health. Corollary with this is the governments investment on war versus the immediate need of its citizens health. A proper allocation of the national budget is seen by the author as one of the primary solution to the huge number of the uninsured.The notion of the human goodwill as emphasized by Immanuel Kant is something that could be significantly related to the as sumptions of discriminatory under writings that could stem out from the associations of small companies across the dodge in order to provide insurance for their employees. Kant asserted that man is inherently good and the author believes it to be so. The mere premise that these small companies wanted to provide insurance for their employees is a valid reason enough to deduce that the former has a genuine concern on the plight of the latter.Owcharenko (2006) presented her recommendations which are majority in a form of law changes and reforms in order to cater for the uninsured. The author agreed with Owcharenko on her perspective that the best way to reach out and cater to the needs of the uninsured is to make national reforms in terms of the laws that governs every state. Although the author perceived that advocacy on the part of the hospitals to solicit funds as a significant solution as well the reforms on the laws would be able to cater on a relatively huge number of population .The principle of utilitarianism and beneficence in addition to the principles of justice could be seen as the core ethical foundation of the recommendations of Owcharenko. The necessity of extending the health reforms to majority of the population is in conjunction with the principle of utilitarianism which is the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. In addition, the principle of transaction of the Deontological Ethics could be applied as well.The basis of the morality of a certain act is significantly related to the occupation that each person has. This profession is perceived by Kant as something that is absolute or on his own terms unibversalizable. In relating this to the government, the author perceived that part of the duty of the government is to assure that every individual regardless of social status and income will have the same access to health medications and treatments. The notion of duty is significantly related to the justice that ideally should ever so be existing in a certain society.Young et al (2004) has tackled the importance of the health of the undocumented children in the American society. In order to present this, two principles from the ethics of principlism was touched- beneficence and maleficence. The principle of beneficence asserts the relevance of thinking who benefits from ones actions and in what such manner. The principle of maleficence emphasizes on the notion of not harming any person or party. The principle of beneficence was clearly applied on the disposition of the undocumented children and the principle of maleficence was applied on the existing laws for and against undocumented children.Due to the principle of non-harm, attempts on the end of the hospitals and the government to be more sympathetic, and more humanitarian to the undocumented children were executed. Also, the principle of utilitarianism could be significantly related on the case of the undocumented children as well. It could be noted t hat Young et al. has emphasized that these children and their parents served a significant part of the society. Hence, their poor health could also affect the entire population. Taking the principle of utilitarianism and its maxim which is the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people, one could significantly deduce that the health of the paperless immigrants and their children could also translate to an general increase of utility on the entire state.The case of Natalie M. on the writings of McLaughlin et al (1999) presents the principles of autonomy, veracity, beneficence and avoided paternalism. In certain cases wherein the patient has the mental capacity to decide for herself, the nurse case manager makes sure that the autonomy of the individual is emphasized. Similar to the essay of Epstein (2002), the emphasis on the rationality of the individual is always taken into consideration.The notion of the truth is another ethical principle that is necessary for those patients who are under a care of a certain guardian or who has a family who is very picky and difficult to deal with in terms of negotiating treatment options. The importance of arriving on the true desires of the patient is directly related on the principle of autonomy. This would then make sure that paternalism will be avoided, although the nurse care manager also makes sure that such a decision that the hospital will arrive at is relatively the best step in order to improve the disposition of the patient, hence beneficence.Tunzi (2004) has made a direct correlation on the principles of beneficence and justice. By presenting various solutions on the case of the uninsured through government and non-government initiatives, it is evident that attempts to provide equal opportunity in terms of health services are attempted to be provided in almost all people regardless of their status in the society. Such a step could be seen as would present a great benefit on the end of the un insured, hence beneficence.Upholding profit versus the necessity of the human life is the case that was presented by Romano (2002). The practice of so called boutique hospitals is something that is against the principles of Deontological Ethics which claimed that man should never be used as a means to an end. This means that if the hospital for instance rejects the admission of an uninsured patient because the latter does not have enough finances to pay, then it necessarily follows that profit is seen as the most relevant factor for the hospital and not really to save lives. Then man or the patient for that matter would only be seen as an agent for profit and not really the end purpose of the hospital in itself.The case of presented by Dateline NBC (2005) would show that there are really cases wherein besides of the efforts and the claims presented by the hospitals, NGOs and the government, there are still a lot of cases wherein the uninsured is being left out. The case of the chil d who got his legs amputated which later on made his father decide to sell the house is something that could be prevented only if advocacy steps on the part of the hospital or the government was implemented. The debt and or the decrease of the quality of life that this family might suffer after this crisis could also directly impact how the child will continue his meliorate process and or adapt to the new change that recently happened in his life.Conclusion The uninsured is a term that is coined to people who dont posses any form of insurance who primarily include paperless immigrants, minorities, children and or teenagers without insurance, employees of small businesses, people who belong on the lower part of the social strata and also a significant number of the elderly. In effect, such a group of people suffered a lot in terms of seeking and receiving the health service that is necessary to prolong their lives. Corollary with this, are the disposition of those patients who initi ally have a health insurance but experience a significant degree of difficulty in terms of having the insurance company subsidize the treatment and or operation that is necessary for their health condition. Such a problem creates an ethical dilemma on the end of the doctors, patients, insurance providers and also the courts.In comprehending and analyzing the eight articles that was presented on this research, the author have deduced that the health care industry of the country is facing a huge dilemma most specially in distributing fairness in terms of the allocation of health services that is due not only to every American citizen but also to other races who lives in the country as well. Such a growing injustice in the health industry has been attempted to be solved many times starting from the nurse advocates, the hospitals, non-government organizations and also the government as well.However, even though more than seven decades has passed since the necessity of insurance was perc eived, the government still is quite slow in terms of providing solutions to the health problems of its citizens. The budget deficit has been blamed due to the lack of monetary support, however, it is very evident that the governments finances were clearly improperly allocated to certain war endeavors which a number of critics have argued to be null on the first place. The ethical dilemmas that stem out due to the lack of funds, legalities, concern for profit (of insurance companies) are directly affecting the marginalized, the children, the minorities, and the senior people. The author perceived that a reevaluation of the priorities of every significant institution which played an important role on the health of the citizens are relevant in order to set things on a right path and establish justice and fairness which has been the primary purpose on the first place of establishing a social contract, a government and the set of statutory laws which supposed to make the life of man bet ter and in order.Literature CitedCarter L (2002). A Primer to Ethical Analysis. 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