Utilitarianism - Morality Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism Morality EssayUtilitarianism is a consequentialist theory holding that deterrent example fills are based on the maximization of over all told happiness, outlined as the Utility Principle. Mill and Benthams utilitarianism makes a plausible and convincing argument, though not everyvirtuoso agrees with it. Bernard Williams writes Utilitarianism For and Against the theory. In agreement with Williams, I have formed my own idea experiment to refute utilitarianism and will be taking an analytic approach to the utility principle.By these two, I will show that utilitarianism is an in luculent article of belief failing to divvy up the value of an individual and guilty of inappropriately attributing computing to moral actions. Before I began, I would like define two popular forms of utilitarianism Act-utilitarianism and Rule-Utilitarianism. Rule-Utilitarianism is a view held by philosopher John-Stuart Mill, which is the view that the utility principle is applied to a certain set of rules. For example, consider you are a leader of a raw(a) nation. In establishing this nation, you want to make sure your citizens are happy throughout time.Thus, the question becomes what set of rules would you adopt to make this possible? Now, the problem with rule-utilitarianism is that it calls into question how stiff it is to follow a particular rule in general. As we can implement, rule-utilitarianism runs into some problems itself unfortunately, the exploration of its problems does not fit the scope of the paper. I will extend the remainder of the paper critiquing Act-Utilitarianism the view that what determines a moral action is the outcome, that is, the single action completely. To bring out the force of my claim, I must admit, utilitarianism gets a some functions function.Utilitarianism succeeds in (1) Consideration of the pleasure and pain of individuals (2) Not allowing individuals to put their personal feelings or relationships ahead of others (3 )Attempting to provide an objective and quantitative method for making moral decisions. It is important to consider the pleasure and pain of every individual in that it causes us to reflect our moral intuitions. It forces us to examine each person and film is what I am doing morally right?Further, not allowing personal feelings or relationships in decision making shows the importance of impartiality in decision making. By doing that, you are forced to look at the objective facts or situation, whereas a personal bias could cause a skewed decision making which whitethorn not be the best decision in hindsight. Finally, by applying a quantitative method for making moral decisions, Utilitarianism revives the general attitude towards ethics. It is too often, that in philosophy and in other disciplines, ethics is simply casted out as be just ones personal feelings.With using mathematical calculation in decision making, utilitarianism fosters rational decision making in that it is impossi ble for you to put your own bias forth and creates an objective account of ethics. To illustrate the dominance of utilitarianism Suppose your best friend and coworker, Erin, is broke and teals some coin from your boss in order to buy food. Later, your boss finds out that he has a evidential come in of money missing from his wallet.K todaying he certainly did not spend the money, he thence realizes that the only plausible explanation of his missing money is theft. He then asks five of his employees (yourself included) if they had taken or heard some money missing. Naturally, the employees say no, though we populate Erin took it. In his rage, he threatens to fire trio of the employees at random if somebody does not confess. The triple coworkers who did not take anything are fighting amongst themselves, blaming each other on stealing money, scour though, they did not do it. You know Erin took it, though she begs you to keep quiet. In this situation, a utilitarian would hold the utility principle.Granted, there may be personal feelings involved you know Erin is fiscally in trouble and she is your best friend, the personal connection would not play a role in your decision making. If you turn in Erin for the action she did, you have an 80% chance of keeping your job and those around you. Now, if you choose not to tell, you run the risk of possibly being fired for something you did not do, then at the minimum, 60% of the spate will be fired, leaving only two.So, being a good utilitarian, you turn in your broke friend. Now, even though her intention was a august one (trying to feed her hungry daughter), using utilitarian based decision-making, you have (a) not allowed your personal feelings to get involved even though you know she needs it and her intention was to feed herself, (b) have employed an objective decision using utilitarian calculus and (c) saved 4 peoples jobs and financial stability without running the risk of turning in the wrong person.Though, in so far as Utilitarianism is, at the surface level, a noble doctrine trying to account for every individual in making decisions, it is important to raise some objections against the doctrine in as being a coherent system of ethics.The Utility principle serves as a guideline in determining which actions are the most moral that which we should perform. According to Utilitarians, we are morally obligate to consider all potential consequences of an action and pick the one which has the best consequences. Best, as defined by the utility principle Always produce the sterling(prenominal) amount of happiness for the greatest number of people (Mill 78). From this principle, we can conclude that moral happiness is solely dependent on each person being given equal consideration. dapple that travel toms reasonable, when we look a little closer, we find a gaping hole.When we say the greatest number, what do we really mean? Do we mean the greatest amount of people happy? Do we mean the gr eatest average amount of people happy? Which one is it? To illustrate this confusion, consider five friends trying to decide which movie to go see lets symbolize it as A and B. In addition, each person will represent one happiness point (HP). Suppose collar of them already have their hearts set on seeing A. So, watching A will result in three people happy with two being upset, equaling 1 overall HP.The only other choice, B, will result in two happy campers and three upset moviegoers, resulting in a -1HP. Being good utilitarians, we decide to choose A, leaving us positive in happiness points. Suppose we discover that the three people wanting to watch A are still happily willing to see B should B have been the better choice? If we see B, two will be ecstatic and the other three still happy. This, in effect, will raise the greatest number of people and the greatest amount of happiness, proving to be the better decision. With the overall total amount of happiness increased, it is time to see the movie.Suppose A is within walking distance, whereas B is not. If they see A, all five can go, plus their children, resulting in a greater increase of the overall amount of happiness. Sounds good, though things get messy in doing the math. The two people not wanting to see A represent a -2 in HPs. So while the overall happiness is greater, the average happiness is now decreased. This is an EXAMPLE OF HOW THE AVERAGE HAPPINESS AND THE OVERALL HAPPINESS MAY DIFFER1. ACCORDING TO THE utilitarian principle, one must give each person equal consideration in determining happiness.As we can see, trying to calculate each potential consequence for an action can get confusing and tiresome. Moreover, not only does the utilitarian principle struggle when trying to calculate the best consequence of each action, but begs the question what is the value of ones invigoration? presuppose a man who can not experience happiness. His moods switch from pain to apathy, due to a neurological def iciency. Also, he is isolated on an uninhabited island. While the man is clearly unhappy, he does not want to die.His reason he would rather be a recognize then dead. Is it morally right to tear 1 Mathematical breakdown for further clarification 10 people in total= 10 HP 2 People not wanting to see A= -2 HP 10-2= 8HP= 80% average happiness. Total amount of happiness is greater than before. Total average amount is decreased him? In considering the utility principle, his life has no happiness. Further, he cannot create any happiness for himself and there are no other people around to benefit from him he only has the scuttle of pain. Therefore, killing him would result in less aggregate pain for him. From this, the utilitarian would have to say that this is the right course of action.This seems counterintuitive. What that utilitarian is failing to ignore is the right to the mans life. Even if his life has no value or happiness, he has still expressed his desire to live. In making the decision to kill him anyway, the utilitarian is placing no value on the mans life the utilitarian is playing God in saying that the morally right thing to do would be put him out of his misery. What I have shown is that utilitarianism strips a person from their integrity by employing this type of moral math in deciding the most morally just decision.To calculate the outcome of a situation that is derived from a principle defining morally correct actions as whichever situation has more(prenominal) people ignores the fact that as humans have a personal relation with the world. That is, that every person has a set of unique feelings toward others and the world we live in. These feelings help shape our moral compass and give us an identity which aids us in helping making moral decisions. Looking plump for at the man on the island, the utility principle was at the forefronttipping the proverbial scale towards the largest number and how they could benefit, while ignoring the moral valu e of the individual.In concluding, Utilitarianism is a noble theory at its crux, but its standard for determining morally right actions as defined by the utility principle forces a person to be acted upon rather than to act. References Gendler, Tamar, Susanna Siegel, and Steven M. Cahn. Selections From Utilitarianism by John-Stuart Mill. The Elements of Philosophy Readings from past and Present. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2008. 498-511. Print J. J. C. Smart, Bernard Williams Utilitarianism For and Against. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1973. Print.

A Brief History of English and American Literature Essay Example for Free

A Brief History of slope and American Literature EssayThe Nor human being advantage of England, in the 11th century, made a break in the natural growth of the side language and lit. The old side of meat or AngloSaxon had been a purely Germanic speech, with a complicated grammar and a full set of inflections. For three hundred years following the mesh of Hastings. this native tongue was dictated from the kings court and the courts of law, from parliament, school, and university. During on the whole this time there were two languages spoken in England. Norman french was the birthtongue of the upper classes and English of the lower. When the latter in the end got the better in the struggle, and became, about the middle of the 14th century, the estateal speech of all England, it was no longer the English of King Alfred. It was a bleak language, a grammarless tongue, al almost wholly 12 stripped of its inflections. It had lost a half of its old words, and had filled their places with French equivalents.The Norman lawyers had introduced legal terms the ladies and courtiers, words of rationalise and courtesy. The knight had imported the vocabulary of war and of the chase. The masterbuilders of the Norman castles and cathedrals contri unlessed technical expressions proper to the architect and the mason. The art of cooking was French. The naming of the living animals, ox, swine, sheep, cervid, was left to the Saxon churl who had the herding of them, while the dressed meats, beef, pork, mutton, venison, received their baptism from the tabletalk of his Norman master. The four orders of begging friars, and especially the Franciscans or Gray Friars, introduced into England in 1224, became intermediaries between the senior high and the low. They went about preaching to the poor, and in their sermons they intermingled French with English. In their hands, too, was almost all the science of the day their medicine, bot any(prenominal), and astronomy displaced the old nomenclature of leechdom, wortcunning, and starcraft. And, finally, the translators of French poems oftentimes found it easier to transfer a foreign word bodily than to seek out a native synonym, particularly when the former supplied them with a rhyme.But the mental home reached even to the commonest words in every(prenominal)day use, so that voice drove out steven, poor drove out earm, and color, use, and place made pricey their footing beside hue, 13wont, and stead. A great part of the English words that were left were so changed in spelling and pronunciation as to be a good deal forward-looking. Chaucer stands, in date, midway between King Alfred and Alfred Tennyson, but his English differs vastly more from the formers than from the latters. To Chaucer AngloSaxon was as much a dead language as it is to us. The spotless AngloSaxon, moreover, had been the Wessex dialect, spoken and written at Alfreds capital, Winchester. When the French had displaced this as the lan guage of culture, there was no longer a kings English or any literary standard. The sources of modern standard English atomic number 18 to be found in the East Midland, spoken in Lincoln, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and neighboring shires.Here the old Anglian had been corrupted by the danish settlers, and rapidly threw off its inflections when it became a spoken and no longer a written language, after the Conquest. The West Saxon, clinging more tenaciously to antediluvian forms, drop down into the position of a local dialect while the East Midland, spreading to London, Oxford, and Cambridge, became the literary English in which Chaucer wrote. The Normans brought in also new intellectual influences and new forms of writings. They were a cosmopolitan people, and they connected England with the continent. Lanfranc and Anselm, the first two Norman archbishops of Canterbury, were learned and splendid prelates of a 14 type quite unknown to the AngloSaxons. They introduced the schola stic philosophy taught at the University of Paris, and the reformed discipline of the Norman abbeys.They bound the English Church more closely to Rome, and officered it with Normans. English bishops were deprived of their sees for illiteracy, and French abbots were set over monasteries of Saxon monks. Down to the middle of the 14th century the learned literature of England was mostly in Latin, and the polite literature in French. English did not at any time altogether cease to be a written language, but the extant remains of the period from 1066 to 1200 are few and, with one exception, unimportant. After 1200 English came more and more into written use, but mainly in translations, paraphrases, and imitations of French exertions. The native genius was at school, and followed awkwardly. The AngloSaxon poetry, for example, had been rhythmical and alliterative. It was commonly written in lines containing four rhythmical accents and with three of the accented syllables alliterating.R_e ste hine th r_mheort r_ced hlifadeG_ep and g_ldfh, gst inne swf.Rested him then the greathearted the hall towered broad and goldbright, the guest slept within.This rude energetic verse the Saxon scp had sung to his harp or gleebeam, dwelling on the 15 emphatic syllables, passing swiftly over the others which were of undetermined number and position in the line. It was now displaced by the smooth metrical verse with rhymed endings, which the French introduced and which our modern poets use, a verse fitted to be recited rather than sung. The old English alliterative verse continued, indeed, in occasional use to the 16th century. But it was link up to a forgotten literature and an obsolete dialect, and was doomed to give way. Chaucer lent his great authority to the more modern verse system, and his own literary models and inspirers were all foreign, French or Italian. Literature in England began to be once more English and truly national in the hands of Chaucer and his contemporaries, but it was the literature of a nation cut off from its own past by three centuries of foreign rule.The most noteworthy English document of the 11th and 12th centuries was the extension of the AngloSaxon chronicle. Copies of these annals, differing somewhat among themselves, had been kept at the monasteries in Winchester, Abingdon, Worcester, and elsewhere. The yearly entries were mostly brief, dry records of passing events, though occasionally they become full and animated. The fen uncouth of Cambridge and Lincolnshire was a region of monasteries. Here were the great abbeys of Peterborough and Croyland and Ely minster. One of the early English meters tells how the savage heart of the Danish 16 king Cnut was softened by the interpret of the monks in Ely.Merie sungen muneches binnen ElyTha Cnut chyning reu ther byRoweth, cnihtes, noer the land,And here we thes muneches sang.It was among the dikes and marshes of this fen country that the bold outlaw Hereward, the last of the Engl ish, held out for some years against the conqueror. And it was here, in the rich abbey of Burch or Peterborough, the ancient Medeshamstede (meadowhomestead) that the chronicle was continued for nearly a century after the Conquest, breaking off abruptly in 1154, the date of King Stephens death. Peterborough had received a new Norman abbot, Turold, a very stern man, and the entry in the chronicle for 1170 tells how Hereward and his gang, with his Danish backers, thereupon plundered the abbey of its treasures, which were first removed to Ely, and then carried off by the Danish fleet and sunk, lost, or squandered. The English in the later portions of this Peterborough chronicle becomes gradually more modern, and falls away more and more from the strict grammatical standards of the classical AngloSaxon.It is a most valuable historical monument, and some passages of it are written with great vividness, notably the sketch of William the Conqueror put down in the year of his death (1086) by one who had looked upon him and at another time dwelt in his court. 17 He who was before a rich king, and lord of many a land, he had not then of all his land but a piece of seven feet. . . . Likewise he was a very stark man and a terrible, so that one durst do nothing against his will. . . . Among other things is not to be forgotten the good peace that he made in this land, so that a man might fare over his kingdom with his bosom full of gold unhurt. He set up a great deer preserve, and he laid laws therewith that whoso should slay hart or hind, he should be blinded. As greatly did he love the tall deer as if he were their father.With the discontinuance of the Peterborough annals, English archives written in English prose ceased for three hundred years. The thread of the nations story was kept up in Latin chronicles, compiled by writers partly of English and partly of Norman descent. The earliest of these, such as Ordericus Vitalis, Simeon ofDurham, Henry of Huntingdon, and Willi am of Malmesbury, were contemporary with the later entries of the Saxon chronicle. The last of them, Matthew of Westminster, finished his work in 1273. About 1300 Robert, a monk of Gloucester, composed a chronicle in English verse, following in the main the authority of the Latin chronicles, and he was succeeded by other rhyming chroniclers in the 14th century. In the hands of these the true history of the Saxon times was overlaid with an everincreasing mass of illustration and legend.All real knowledge of the period 18 dwindled away until in Capgraves Chronicle of England, written in prose in 146364, scarce any thing of it is left. In history as in literature the English had forgotten their past, and had turned to foreign sources. It is noteworthy that Shakspere, who borrowed his subjects and his heroes sometimes from authentic English history, sometimes from the legendary history of ancient Britain, Denmark,and Scotland, as in Lear, Hamlet, and Macbeth, ignores the Saxon period altogether. And Spenser, who gives in his second book of the Faerie Queene, a resum of the reigns of fabulous British kingsthe supposed ancestors of Queen Elizabeth, his gallant patronhas nothing to say of the real kings of early England.So completely had the true record faded away that it made no appeal to the imaginations of our most patriotic poets. The Saxon Alfred had been dethroned by the British Arthur, and the conquered Welsh had imposed their fictitious genealogies upon the dynasty of the conquerors. In the Roman de Rou, a verse chronicle of the dukes of Normandy, written by the Norman Wace, it is related that at the battle of Hastings the French jongleur, Taillefer, spurred out before the van of Williams army, tossing his lance in the air and chanting of Charlemagne and of Roland, of Oliver and the peers who died at Roncesvals. This incident is prognosticative of the victory which Norman song, no less than Norman arms, was to win over England. The lines which Taillefer 1 9 sang were from the Chanson de Roland, the oldest and best of the French hero sagas.The heathen Northmen, who had ravaged the coasts of France in the 10th century, had become in the course of one hundred and fifty years, completely identified with the French. They had accepted Christianity, intermarried with the native women, and forgotten their own Norse tongue. The belt along thus formed was the most brilliant in Europe. The warlike, adventurous spirit of the vikings mingled in its blood with the French nimbleness of wit and fondness for display. The Normans were a nation of knightserrant, with a passion for prowess and for courtesy. Their architecture was at once strong and graceful. Their women were skilled in embroidery, a splendid sample of which is preserved in the famous Bayeux tapestry, in which the conquerors wife, Matilda, and the ladies of her court wrought the history of the Conquest.This national taste for decoration expressed itself not only in the ceremonious pomp of feast and chase and tourney, but likewise in literature. The most characteristic contribution of the Normans to English poetry were the metrical romances or chivalry tales. These were sung or recited by the minstrels, who were among the retainers of every great feudal baron, or by the jongleurs, who wandered from court to castle. There is a whole literature of these romans d aventure in the AngloNorman dialect of French. Many of them are 20 very longoften thirty, forty, or fifty thousand lineswritten sometimes in a strophic form, sometimes in long Alexandrines, but commonly in the short, eightsyllabled rhyming couplet. Numbers of them were turned into English verse in the 13th, 14th, and 15th centuries.The translations were usually inferior to the originals. The French trouvere (finder or poet) told his story in a straightforward, prosaic fashion, omitting no details in the action and unrolling endless descriptions of dresses, trappings, gardens, etc. He invented plots and situa tions full of fine possibilities by which later poets have profited, but his own handling of them was feeble and prolix. Yet there was a simplicity about the old French language and a certain elegance and delicacy in the diction of the trouveres which the rude, unformed English failed to catch. The heroes of these romances were of various climes Guy of Warwick, and Richard the Lion Heart of England, Havelok the Dane, Sir Troilus of Troy, Charlemagne, and Alexander. But, strangely enough, the favorite hero of English romance was that mythical Arthur of Britain, whom Welsh legend had celebrated as the most formidable enemy of the Sassenach invaders and their victor in twelve great battles. The language and literature of the ancient Cymry or Welsh had made no impression on their AngloSaxon conquerors.There are a few Welsh borrowings in the English speech, such as bard and druid but in the old AngloSaxon literature there are 21 no more traces of British song and story than if the two ra ces had been sundered by the ocean instead of being recoilers for over six hundred years. But the Welsh had their own national traditions, and after the Norman Conquest these were set free from the isolation of their Celtic tongue and, in an indirect form, entered into the general literature of Europe. The French came into contact with the old British literature in two places in the Welsh marches in England and in the province of Brittany in France, where the population is of Cymric race and spoke, and still to some extent speaks, a Cymric dialect akin to the Welsh.About 1140 Geoffrey of Monmouth, a Benedictine monk, seemingly of Welsh descent, who lived at the court of Henry the First and became afterward bishop of St. Asaph, produced in Latin a socalled Historia Britonum in which it was told how dryus, the great grandson of Aeneas, came to Britain, and founded there his kingdom called after him, and his city of New Troy (Troynovant) on the site of the later London. An air of his toric temperance was given to this tissue of Welsh legends by an exact chronology and the genealogy of theBritish kings, and the author referred, as his authority, to an imaginary Welsh book given him, as he said, by a certain Walter, archdeacon of Oxford. Here appeared that line of fabulous British princes which has become so familiar to modern readers in the plays of Shakspere and the poems of Tennyson Lear and his 22 three daughters Cymbeline, Gorboduc, the subject of the earliest regular English tragedy, composed by Sackville and acted in 1562 Locrine and his Queen Gwendolen, and his daughter Sabrina, who gave her name to the river Severn, was made immortal by an exquisite song in Miltons Comus, and became the heroine of the tragedy of Locrine, once attributed to Shakspere and above all, Arthur, the son of Uther Pendragon, and the founder of the Table Round.In 1155 Wace, the author of the Roman de Rou, turned Geoffreys work into a French poem entitled Brut d Angleterre, brut b eing a Welsh word meaning chronicle. About the year 1200 Waces poem was Englished by Layamon, a priest of Arley Regis, on the border stream of Severn. Layamons Brut is in thirty thousand lines, partly alliterative and partly rhymed, but written in pure Saxon English with hardly any French words. The style is rude but vigorous, and, at times, highly imaginative. Wace had amplified Geoffreys chronicle somewhat, but Layamon made much larger additions, derived, no doubt, from legends current on the Welsh border.In particular the story of Arthur grew in his hands into something like fullness. He tells of the enchantments of Merlin, the wizard of the unfaithfulness of Arthurs queen,Guenever and the treachery of his nephew, Modred. His narration of the last great battle between Arthur and Modred of the wounding of the kingfifteen fiendly wounds he had, one might in the least 23 three gloves thrust and of the little boat with two women therein, wonderly dight, which came to bear him away to Avalun and the Queen Argante, sheenest of all elves, whence he shall come again, according to Merlins prophecy, to rule the Britons all this left little, in essentials, for Tennyson to add in his closing of Arthur. This new material for fiction was eagerly seized upon by the Norman romancers. The story of Arthur drew to itself other stories which were afloat.

Business Plan for Indian Restaurant

Business Plan for Indian eating houseBUSINESS intend UNIT SIX FOR THE NEW RESTAURANT CALLED THE STAR OF INDIA, AN INDIAN CUSINE.CONTENTS PAGE (Jump to) naval division 1Business nameBusiness activity suit of monomaniaObjectives component 2Market analysis set list of Potential suppliersCompetitorsInformation on affirms Loans butt MarketCompetition AnalysisSECTION 3Marketing plan cost list for Items in the The star of IndiaPlacePromotionSECTION 4Production processSECTION 5Resource requirementsFinancial resourcesPhysical resourcesSECTION 6Financial analysis and planningSources of fundsBusiness Plan for the new restaurant called The genius of India.SECTION 1Business name and addressThe single of India137 Earls Court RoadLondonSW5Business activityThe new restaurant volition sell a wide variety of Indian Cuisine from its secondary retail location which is the Earls coquette ara of London. The different types of foods that leave be served in the restaurant will include Samosas, Nan bread, Tandoori, rice, biryani, balti, jalfrezi, karahi, bhuna, vindaloo, madras, noodles, burgers, desserts, beverages, special dishes, and side orders such as aloo and potatoes as appropriate for the different seasons as it unfolds. In addition, the restaurant will provide a free delivery service for orders above 10 within a 3 mile radius, and will also include a 10% force pop for orders above 15. Suppliers will include retail outlets in the Earls court atomic number 18a that sell Asian foods such as Rajah and TRS products from wholesale suppliers in Earls court, Wembley and Southall, which are established cash and carry wholesale outlets for Indian foods in the London area. Wholesale stores such as Tescos and ASDA will also be visited if necessary.Type of OwnershipIn this case the vocation will be a partnership unintellectuald business, in which the major stake holder will control 55 percent of the whole business and the remainder will be controlled by 3 other stakeholders (4 stakeholders altogether).ObjectivesThe objective of the business is to provide high quality lively foods and high quality service to the general public. In addition, we foresee to gene come out sales in excess of 100,000 in the first yearSECTION 2Market AnalysisPrimary DataA questionnaire was not deemed appropriate as the area of location does permit an influx of people, in which it can be said with hind sight that it will be worthwhile to press ahead with the opening of the business.Price ListThe following is a table of a terms list for latent suppliersGandhi Oriental FoodsSouthall Food SuppliersRajtha Food Suppliers (Wembley)Pounds ()Pounds ()Pounds ()Bag of gold self raising flour 25kg8.257.997.99Case Barson (Gram Flour) 6 stands 2kg8.456.257.99Drum veg oil 15 ltr KTC7.795.996.99Tin Mustard Oil 4 ltr4.453.994.99Tin pure ghee 2 kg6.255.995.49Tin chilli pulverization18.917.9917.99Tin haldi (tumeric) powder14.912.9913.99Cinnamon 2kg5.454.995.25Packet Tejpatha (Bay leaves) 7 50 grams3.452.99Case boiled chick peas (12) 411 grams2.852.992.99Packet Chana Dai 2kg1.951.990.99Jar mint sauce 3kg2.952.991.99Bag Salt 12.5kg2.952.991.99Case cathey container26.925.9922.99Case carrier bag large 25012.4911.9911.99Case Cobra Beer large (12) 650ml16.513.9913.5 queen regnantfisher beer (12) 660ml16.9514.9915.99Basmati Rice (2kg)12.9911.9912.99Tilda Rice (2kg)14.9913.9913.99Sureeya Rice (2kg)11.999.999.99 lamb (per kilo)Chops3.993.993.99Liver and Heart2.171.992.17Leg7.496.997.5Shoulder7.296.997.25Back Chops6.195.995.7 lily-livered (per kilo)Leg deboned3.652.993.45Wings2.992.992.99Roasters2.172.252.2Leg1.181.251.1Boneless4.993.993.99Sheep (per Kilo)Chop3.52.993.25Neck2.642.492.5Ribs2.171.991.99Leg4.994.994.99Shoulders4.894.994.5Back Chops4.153.993.99CompetitorsNamesStrengthsWeaknessesLapappardella Ristorante (Italian)Located run into earls court road, very busy at weekends. contain double (mainly pasta)Zizzi (Italian Restaurant)Located on the high street (Earls court road)New and modern European)It is a bit cramped in the sitting areaNandos RestaurantVery popular for its grilled and flamed chicken.Very busy at most times of the day and weekends.A very strong competitorLimited range of food served (mainly chicken)Dragon Palace (Chinese Restaurant)Very competitive in terms of its different types of foods served.It is cramped with limited space for more customersMasala ZoneRecently subject and new in the area.It serves mainly Indian foods.It is a powerful competitor as its items are pitch towards city life, i.e. city workers etc.It is not as popular yet.It range of items sold to the public is limited.Bibimbub (Oriental fusion dishes)Quite a wide variety of oriental dishes and cuisine.Very busy at the weekendsIts foods are geared towards nutritional and healthy dietsAlthough located on the high street, it is very cramp with limited space for a large number of customers to eat.Lotus Garden (Chinese restaurant)A wide variety of Chinese foodAs mentio ned the sitting area is cramped.Information on Bank LoansHaving carried out an in-depth search for the best rates sallyed by banks, one came to the conclusion that the rates offered by the Halifax, offered the best rates when it came to obtaining a bank loan.For loans between 5,000 and 100,000, there is a variable discounted rate of 0.10% on a lower floor Bank of Scotland Base Rate.For the remaining term of the loan the rate then changes to 3% above Bank of Scotland Base Rate and remains on variable rate terms for the rest of the loan.For the fixed rate business loan the rates are published on the Halifax website every fortnightly, in which the interest rates are based on LIBOR (London Inter Bank Offered Rate) plus a margin.In addition, security is required on any property or assets that this agreed with the bank. The boilers suit cost of comparison is 11.1% APR. The actual rate available will depend upon the outcome of the initial start-up capital.Secondary DataMost of the inform ation collated with regards to the price of items and competitors were pull together by the stakeholders of the restaurant.The factors that are deemed as possible effects on the demand for the service areThe price of the items sold to customers.The quality of the menu and how it is served to customers.The type of products use to serve the menu items, e.g. fresh lift produce, innate foods, and completeness.The customer service offered to customers will be a deciding factor in how the restaurant is viewed on from its initial opening.The way the competitors mentioned above respond to our presence in the Earls court area will play a part in how our customer base grows.The state of the economy, e.g. rising personal incomes, changes in interest rates and the change in house prices.In addition, because Indian cuisine has been a rising mode in British society over the past 6 years, it is expected that the demand for this growing in-fashion trend will continue to rise for the foreseeable future.Target MarketThe majority of existing customers we expect to come into the restaurant will be based within a 4 mile radius of the Earls court area. Typically, they will be single people, couples, tourists and families all wanting to go out and have a good meal. It is expected that they will be middle break up and above, who come from very affluent backgrounds. Most of the potential customers expected will be people who earn on average, incomes starting from 17,000 upwards.Competition AnalysisThe potential strengths and weaknesses of competitors have been commented upon in the competition table. In retrospect, it is believed that the prices we will be offering with regard to items on our price list will be set below the average price of our major competitors mentioned i.e., Masala, Zone, Nandos, and Zizzis.This will enable us compete with our competitors head-on and with hind sight we will be able to carve out a growing market share into the future for the business.In additi on, the items we are offering has a much wider range than our competitors in which the quality of the products used (fresh farm produce and organic), will set us above the competitors mentioned.Also, the service we ascribe to present to customers will be far reaching than our competitors. I.e. a waiter/ waitress will always be on hand to attend to customer questions, taking customers to their table, and always making sure that the customer is satisfied with how they are beingness treated and offered in the Star of India cuisine.SECTION 3Marketing PlanThe use of the marketing mix will be used to start off the business. They are product, price, place and promotion.Product/Service The product / service that will be offered to customers as a whole will mainly be organic foods which include fresh farm produce from suppliers, whole sale outlets and also canned items from the suppliers mentioned above. The service will consist of customers coming into the restaurant to have a meal or tak e away, in which there will be a seating area for smoking and non-smoking. Also, a waiter/waitress will be on hand to serve and assist customers on the wide range of different cuisines available. As stated previously, there will be a free delivery service for orders above 10 and a 10% discount on orders above 15. This will change subject to seasonal demand.Price The use of price strategies such as penetration pricing, promotional pricing, and price discrimination will be used to market the items offered by the restaurant.Penetration pricing will be used to set a low initial price in order to penetrate the market quickly and deeply, so as to attract a large number of customers quickly and win a large market share. With time the high sales volume will import in falling costs, allowing the restaurant to cut its price even further.With promotional pricing, the restaurant will temporarily price its items or products below the list price and sometimes even below cost. This will take sev eral forms. I.e. a few items or products will be priced as loss leaders so as to attract customers into the restaurant in the hope that they will buy items at normal mark-ups.Price discrimination will be used to offer customers different prices for the same items or products offered by the restaurant. For example, if a customer ordered a special dish, it would automatically come with a side order of rice, in which the price is already included in the price of the special dish. However, if they ordered rice separately and the sauce separately, they would have to pay different prices for the two items.Price list for The Star of IndiaThe Star of India AppetisersPrice () fearful Samosa3.20Veg Samosa3.20Lamb Samosa3.20Papadom0.40Sheek Kebab2.40Shami Kebab2.40Chicken or Lamb Tikka2.40Chicken Chatt2.40Aloo Chatt2.40 exponent Prawn dawdle3.50Potatoes of the day2.75The Star of India BreadsNan1.30Keema Nan1.80Vegetable Nan1.80Peshwari Nan1.80 garlic Nan1.80Balti Nan1.80Paratha Nan1.40Stuffed Paratha1.80Tandoori Roti1.20Chapati0.80The Star of India Tandoori DelicaciesHalf Tandoori Chicken4.70Whole Tandoori Chicken9.20Chicken or Lamb Tikka4.70Chicken or Lamb Shaslik5.50Coconut Chicken5.50Tandoori King Prawn8.40Garlic Chicken5.50Tandoori entangled Grill with nan7.95The Star of India Rice DelicaciesPilau Rice1.60Boiled Rice1.50Mushroom Rice1.95Egg Fried Rice1.95Lebu Rice1.95Garlic Rice1.95Narial Chawal1.95Vegetable Rice1.95 special(a) Fried Rice1.95Keema Rice2.25The Star of India Biryani DelicaciesChicken, Meat or Prawn5.50King Prawn8.40Chicken or Lamb Tikka5.75Tandoori Chicken5.75Vegetable4.95Mushroom4.95The Star of India Special6.50The Star of India Balti DelicaciesChicken, Meat or Prawn5.75King Prawn8.40Vegetable4.80The Star of India Special6.95Chicken or Lamb Tikka6.75Chicken, Meat or Lamb Sagwala, Jalfrezi, Dhansak5.95The Star of India Jalfrezi DelicaciesChicken Jalfrezi4.60Prawn Jalfrezi5.70Lamb Jalfrezi4.60King Prawn Jalfrezi7.40Chicken Tikka Jalfrezi5.60Lamb Tikka Jalfrezi5.60Vegetable Jalfrezi4.95The Star of India Karahi DelicaciesChicken Karahi5.20Prawn Karahi5.70Lamb Karahi5.20King Prawn Bhuna Karahi7.40Chicken Tikka Karahi5.60Lamb Tikka Karahi5.60Vegetable Karahi4.95The Star of India Bhuna DelicaciesChicken Bhuna4.40Prawn Bhuna5.40Lamb Bhuna4.40King Prawn Bhuna7.40Chicken Tikka Bhuna5.70Lamb Tikka Bhuna5.70Vegetable Bhuna4.95The Star of India Vindaloo / Madras DelicaciesChicken / Lamb Curry4.10Chicken / Lamb Madras4.50Chicken / Lamb Vindaloo4.50Prawn Curry / Madras / Vindaloo4.80King Prawn Curry / Madras / Vindaloo6.50Vegetable Curry3.95The Star of India NoodlesMalabar Seafood5.70Chicken Madras5.20Konkan Chicken5.20Malabar veg5.20Veg madras5.20The Star of India BurgersLamb Burger5.20Chicken Burger4.80Veggie Burger4.80The Star of India Special DishesThe Star of India Special5.90The Star of India Khazana6.95Nawabi Chicken5.90Murgh Charga5.90Achari Chicken5.90Chingri Bahar7.95Lamb Nashilee5.90Ghoust Laziz5.90Jerra Chicken Massala5.90Kufta M assala5.90King Prawn Delight7.95Shaslik Massala5.90Garlic Green Chilli Massala5.90Special Tandoori King Prawn Massala7.95 cover Chicken5.90Peshwari Chicken5.90Black Pepper Chicken5.90Black Pepper King Prawn7.95Chicken Tikka Podeena5.90Chicken Tikka Massala5.90Chicken Tikka Pasanda5.90Chicken Tikka Markhani5.90Chicken Rezala5.90The Star of India DessertsGulab Jamun2.10Falooda3.00Chocolate, Vanilla, and Raspberry Ice Cream2.10The Star of India BeveragesFruit Juices1.30Mango and Coconut Lassi1.20Masala Chai1.00Coke or Diet Coke0.65Mineral Water0.65Place The business will be located in the Earls Court area of central London. The reasoning b

Concept Of Risk Management In Navy Management Essay

Concept Of guess of infection Management In Navy Management EssayThe model of assay management has been around the Navy since its inception. During the drawdown of the 1990s, the assay management concept was formalized into the Operational run a risk Management (ORM) program. This organise approach was initiated to mitigate the take a chances associated with such(prenominal) a massive reorganization. insecurity is inherent in to each one(prenominal) occupations, training, missions, operations, and in individual(prenominal) activities no matter how routine. The most common cause of trade union movement humiliation or mission failure is human error, specifically the inability to consistently manage risk. ORM reduces or start-offs risks bysystematically identifying hazards and assessing and controlling the associated risks allowing decisions to be made that agitate risks against mission or task benefits. As professionals, Navy power are responsible for managing risk in al l tasks while leaders at all takes are responsible for ensuring proper procedures are in place and that appropriate resources are available for their personnel to perform assigned tasks. The Navy vision is to pay back an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do This includes on- and off-duty evolutions in peacetime and during conflict, thereby enabling successful completion of any task and mission.Integrate Safety and encounter Management into all on and off-duty evolutions to maximize mission readiness and to be DON as an organization with world class safety where no mishap is accepted as the cost of doing businessEstablish a risk management training continuum to ensure all DON personnel receive targeted ORM training and that all formal professional training courses are inf utilize with mannikins of how effective risk management repairs both(prenominal) safety and mission readin ess.DON Objectives for FY 2008 and Beyond (9 Oct 07)Benefits of ORMReduction of operational loss.Lower compliance/auditing costs.Early detection of unlawful activities.Reduced picture show to future risks.Table of ContentsI. Statement of the Issue or Problem (1 page)II. Significance of the Issue / Problem Why the issue / problem is important to melodic phrase human factors (1 page)III. Review of Relevant Research (include references to at least five aviation human factors journal articles and / or aviation human factors texts, such as those found in ebrary at the ERAU Hunt Library (5 pages)IV. Summary of Major Findings and Conclusions (1 page)V. Recommendations for future research to address the issue / problem (1 page)*********************What is ORM?The term Operational Risk Management (ORM) is defined as a continual cyclic litigate which includes risk assessment, risk decision making, and implementation of risk controls, which results in acceptance, mitigation, or dodge of r isk. ORM is the oversight of operational risk, including the risk of loss resulting from inadequate or failed internal exercisees and systems human factors or external events.+++++++++++++++++++++HowThe ORM process assists you in making smart and intercommunicate decisions. Actually, you apply ORM every day. At times, you may not even be aware of it as you carry out a task or mission. An example of this is as simple as crossing the street you look both ways because you were taught this at a young age. However, today you dont even look at this as risk management, but something that you know is the right thing to do before crossing the street.Every Sailor has a role to play in managing risk during a commands task or mission, and every Sailor is vital to the success of the Navy team.PurposeThe ORM process minimizes risks to acceptable levels, commensurate with task or mission accomplishment. Correct application of the ORM process will reduce losses and associated costs resulting in m ore efficient use of resources. Zero risk is not the intent of ORM.GoalThe Goal of ORM is to develop an environment in which every officer, enlisted, or civilian person is trained and motivated to personally manage risk in everything they do to manage risk and move forward to accomplish the mission while safeguarding our people and infrastructure.Risk management is a continuous process that is integral from the strategic level of readiness through the tactical level and execution. It is a fauna to help improve mission readiness and mission accomplishment.The embodiment shows the three levels of ORM defined primarily by time. There is no definitive separating line between the three levels (in-depth, deliberate, and time critical) represented by the transition in color flowing from one level to another as you approach the task or event.It is important to know we have resources to tap into. At each level of the planning process, hazards and associated risks are identified and approp riate controls are developed and implemented. These controls become resources upon which you can draw for the next level of planning and ultimately for execution.The ORM process is a systematic, continuous, and repeatable process that consists of five basic move.Identify hazardsAssess hazardsMake risk decisionsImplement controlsSupervise (and watch for changes)The first two steps comprise the risk assessment portion of ORM and provide enhanced awareness and understanding of a given situation. This awareness builds confidence and allows for timely, efficient, and effective protective measures. The remain three steps are the essential follow-through actions to all eliminate the hazard or mitigate the risks.Risk Assessment MatrixORM Matrix waggleORM incorporates the following four principlesAccept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the CostAccept No extra RiskAnticipate and Manage Risk by preparednessMake Risk closings at the Right LevelAccept Risk When Benefits Outweigh the CostThe pr ocess of weighing risks against the benefits and value of the mission or task helps to maximize success. Balancing costs and benefits can be a subjective process. Therefore, personnel with knowledge and experience of the mission or task must be engaged when making risk decisions.The goal of ORM is not to eliminate risk but to manage the risk so that the mission or task both on- and off-duty can be successful. The bottom line is, if no benefit can be achieved then do not take the risk.Accept No Unnecessary RiskOperational Naval Instruction (OPNAVINST) 3500.39 (series) statesIf all detectable hazards have not been identified, then unnecessary risks are being accepted. Additionally, an unnecessary risk is any that, if taken, will not contribute meaningfully to mission or task accomplishment or will needlessly jeopardize personnel or material. The risk management process identifies hazards that might otherwise go unidentified and provides tools to reduce or offset risk. The acceptance o f risk does not equate to the imprudent willingness to gamble. go for only risks that are necessary to accomplish the mission or task.Anticipate and Manage Risk by Planning combine risk management into planning as early as feasible provides the greatest opportunity to make well-informed risk decisions and implement effective risk controls. This enhances the overall effectiveness of ORM and a good deal reduces costs for your organization and yourself when off duty.Make Risk Decisions at the Right Level allone can make a risk decision. However, the appropriate decision nobleman is the individual who can eliminate or minimize the hazard, implement controls to reduce the risk, or accept the risk. Leaders at all levels must ensure that their personnel know how much risk they can accept and when to elevate the decision to a higher level. Ensuring that risk decisions are made at the appropriate level will establish clear accountability. Therefore, those accountable for the mission must be included in the risk management process. If the commander, leader, or individual responsible for kill the mission or task determines that the controls available to them will not reduce risk to an acceptable level, they must elevate the risk decisions to the next level in the stove of command.3 LEVELS ==========================================The risk management process is applied on three levels in-depth, deliberate, and time critical. The basic factor that differentiates each level is time that is the essence of time available to dedicate to the preparation and planning of missions or tasks. prison term Critical Risk Management (TCRM)Personnel know ORM. They develop plans and brief the clump on task procedures. However, we often fail to execute the plans as briefed. We do not manage change as it occurs, and those changes affect the original plans. Usually, the personnel hurt during a task are those who were not involved in the original planning.Recent studies of the ORM pr ocess have found that personnel have a truehearted grasp of the In-Depth and Deliberate levels of ORM. Unfortunately, personnel fail to execute Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM) during tasks as events change.You are accustomed to the 5-step process during In-Depth and Deliberate ORM processes save, realistically it is difficult to execute the 5-step process during the time critical level effectively. Therefore, we are introducing a new tool for the execution of TCRM. This tool will help you improve communication, traveling bag change, and manage risk to ensure mission success. We are NOT eliminating the 5-step process rather, the five steps are incorporated into this new, easy-to-use tool.This model consists of various vivid representations for situational awareness (target), stacked blocks (resources), a swooping arrow (a return to good SA) and a four letter box mnemonic (ABCD) that will help you improve communication, handle change, and manage risk to ensure mission or tas k success. Its called the ABCD model.The ABCD mnemonic in the model is not a replacement for the 5-step ORM process or a different process of risk management, but it is the practical application of the 5-step process in a time-critical environment.Off-duty mishaps are extremely detrimental to the Navys operational capability.Because we are pct of the Navy team 24/7, the actions we take off-duty can affect the readiness and operational capability of our commands mission or task, therefore affecting the Navy as a whole. Thus, we must constantly be aware of all risks involved in our everyday off-duty activities.ORM applies off-duty the same as on-duty. By consistently using the A-B-C-D eyehole in our individual activities, we can reduce the consider of off-duty mishaps thereby improving the Navys readiness and operational capabilities. These fewer mishaps will also allow individuals to meet personal and professional challenges now and in the future.Benefits of ORMReduction of operat ional loss.Lower compliance/auditing costs.Early detection of unlawful activities.Reduced exposure to future risks.*****************Glossary of footholdABCD The mneomic for the four actions of Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM). A-Assess the situation, B-Balance your resources, C-Communicate to others, D-Do and Debrief the event.Acceptable Risk The portion of identified risk that is allowed to persist during the mission or task. additive Condition Refers to all items that compete for an individual or crews attention during the execution of a mission or task. Examples include equipment malfunctions, change in weather, multiple players, unforeseeable information, and change to the mission. Additive conditions may growth task loading or uncertainty and lead to distraction or channelized focus.Command (unit or organizational) ORM Integration Integrating ORM into the command relates to reviewing procedures, instructions, and processes identifying hazards and creating controls associ ated with those hazardsCommand ORM Manager Designated unit level individual, qualified in pact with OPNAVINST 1500.75(series), who is responsible for implementing risk management principles, concepts, and policy within the unit.Consequential wrongful conduct An error which leads to undesired consequences to property, personnel, or mission (e.g., mishap, personal injury, mission failure, etc.).Controls Actions taken or measures put in place to eliminate a hazard or reduce the associated identified risk. Some type of controls include engineering controls, administrative controls, and physical controls.Crew Factors Refers to human factors which affect the capabilities of the individual, crew, or team and can increase the potential for errors. This includes such things as attitudes, personalities, level of training, experience, fatigue, and physiological factors.CRM Crew Resource ManagementExposure An expression that considers the frequency, length of time, and percentage of people or assests subjected to a hazard. Exposure is a component of risk, but not directly used to assign a level of risk. Rather, it is a consideration in determining hazard and severity.Hazard Any real or potential condition that can cause injury, illness, or death to personnel damage to or loss of equipment or property degradation of mission capability or impact to mission accomplishment or damage to the environment. (Synonymous with the term threat.)Operational Analysis A chronological or sequential list of the major events or elements in a mission or task. This is the complete picture of what is expected to happen and assures all elements of a mission or task are evaluated for all potential hazardsOPNAV Office of the Chief of Naval OperationsOPORD Operation OrderOPS OperationsORM Operational Risk ManagementOperational Risk Management A process that assists organizations and individuals in making informed risk decisions in order to reduce or offset risk thereby increasing operational ef fectiveness and the probability of mission success. It is a systematic, cyclical process of identifying hazards and assessing and controlling the associated risks. The process is applicable across the spectrum of operations and tasks, both on and off duty.ORM Assistant Designated unit level individual who is a subject matter expert (SME) on ORM principles and concepts, qualified in accordance with OPNAVINST 1500.75(series), and supports the command ORM manager in implementing risk management within the unit.PHA Preliminary Hazard AnalysisPPE individualized Protective EquipmentPO Petty OfficerPQS Personal Qualification StandardPreliminary Hazard Analysis A agent to create an initial list of hazards that may exist in an operation, task, or mission. This builds on the operational analysis and entails listing hazards and associated causes.Probability A measure of the likelihood that a potential consequence will occur.RAC Risk Assessment Code relief Risk Risk remaining after controls h ave been identified and selected.Resource Something that can be used to develop controls and includes time, money, people or equipment. With remark to Time Critical Risk Management (TCRM), a resource is something used to prevent errors, speed up decision making, or improve team coordination. Resources are typically developed as controls at the in-depth or deliberate levels of risk management. They are broadly grouped into the following categories Policies, procedures and routines checklists automation briefings and external resources and knowledge, skills and techniques.Risk An expression of possible loss, adverse outcome, or negative consequences such as injury or illness in terms of probability and severity.Risk Assessment A structured process to identify and assess hazards. An expression of potential harm, described in terms of severity, probability, and exposure to hazards. Accomplished in the first two steps of the ORM process.Risk Assessment Code An expression of the risk ass ociated with a hazard that combines its severity and probability into a single Arabic numeral which can be used to help determine hazard abatement priorities. This is typically accomplished through the use of a risk assessment matrix. The basic RACs are 1-Critical, 2-Serious, 3-Moderate, 4-Minor, and 5-Negligible.Risk Decision The decision to accept or not accept the risk(s) associated with an action made by the commander, leader, or individual responsible for performing that action.Root cause Any basic underlying cause that was not in turn a result of more important underlying causes. Describes the depth in the causal chain where an intervention could reasonably be implemented to change performance and prevent an undesirable outcome. The analysis of a hazard may identify multiple causes however applying controls to the root cause is ultimately more effective that merely addressing an intermediate cause.Severity An assessment of the potential consequence intensity that can occur as a result of exposure to a hazard and is defined by the degree of injury, illness, property damage, loss of asset (time, money, personnel) or mission or task impairing factors. When analyzing risk, it is based on the worst credible outcome.Situational Awareness (SA) Refers to the degree of accuracy by which ones perception of the current environment mirrors realityTask Loading The number of tasks to complete, given a set period of time. Higher task loading increases the potential for error. Task loading can be reduced by either reducing the number of tasks or taking more time.TCRM Time Critical Risk ManagementTFOM Training Figure of MeritThreat See hazard. With respect to ORM, threat and hazard are considered synomynous.TORIS Training and Operational Readiness Information ServicesTRACS Total Risk Assessment and Control SystemUnacceptable Risk The risk when measured versus the benefit or value of the mission or task that cannot be tolerated and must be eliminated or controled.What If Tool A means of thinking about what may go wrong and stating it as a question beginning with the phraseWhat if? This method is most useful for personnel who are actually involved in the operation being analyzed and adds insight to some of the more significant hazards identified with the preliminary hazard analysis (PHA).WIT What IF tool

Research methodology, different types of philosophical

Research ruleology, different types of philosophicFischer (2004) states that explore methodology is the study which raises all types of philosophical questions for the interrogati aners to fuck and check the availability of their friendship.Saunders et al. (2007) states that, the inquiry design exit be the general plan of how to dissolver the research questions and it should containClear objectives derived from the research questionsIt should specify sources from which selective information is collectedConsider the constraints that the tec will have access to entropy, location magazine and moneyDiscussing ethical issuesCooper and Schindler (2008) mentions that the research task is a attendant process involving clearly defined steps. They in any case state that despite the variation in steps involved, the idea of sequence is useful in developing a research and maintaining an order as the research progresses.According to Teresa and William (1997), research methodology prov ides a systematic, planned mount to a research give and ensures that all aspects of the project ar consistent with one another.The method that has been use for this research is based on the research process onion as described by Saunders et al. (2007). The research goes through different layers of the research onion. The sundry(a) layers be philosophies, apostrophizees, strategies, natural selections, time horizons and techniques and procedures. This chapter is split into three parts. The first section deals with the research methods that have been use for this dissertation. The second berth deals with data order methods. The last section deals with existence and sampling.Research Onion- Adapted from Saunders et al. (2007)Research doctrineSaunders et al. (2007) mentions that research doctrine depends on the way you think round the development of knowledge. It is the first layer in the research onion proposed by them. According to them, there argon three approaches to re search philosophy. They argon epistemology, ontology and axiology. Epistemology constitutes with the accept open knowledge in the field of study ontology is concerned with nature of populace where as axiology studies about the police detectives value in all point in time of research process.They argue that the choice of philosophy depends on the research question posed and the research worker feels that the approach that has to be use is Epistemology. Jancowickz (2000) mentioned epistemology as personal theory of knowing and what research worker feels as knowledge, what he counts as evidence and proof and what he does not.Saunders et al. (2007) mentioned that there are three epistemological positions videlicet, positivism, interpretivism, and genuinelyism.Positivism Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that if research philosophy reflects the principles of positivism, then we will plausibly adopt the philosophical stance of a natural scientist. According to Bryman Bell (2007) p ositivism is an epistemological position that advocates the application of methods of natural sciences to study of social reality and beyond. Reilly (2006) defined positivism as a belief that only true knowledge is scientific in character, describing interrelationships between real and observable phenomena.Interpretivism This is a philosophy where tec be critical of positivism and argue that rich insights, into complex world are lost if such complexity is reduced entirely to a series of law like generations. It to a fault ferocityes on the difference between conducting a research among throng rather than tangible objects.Realism This is a philosophical approach which is based on that a reality exists that is independent of human thoughts and beliefs. It holds many thoughts from positivism and it scientifically questions what is regarded as acceptable knowledge. In realism, the approach assumes a scientific approach to the development of data and underpins the collection of data an d intelligence of those data. (Saunders et al., 2007, p105). There are cardinal types of realism namely critical realism and take aim realism. Direct realism is what the detective experience through his senses represents the world accurately. In critical realism, what the researcher experiences are sensations and images of the things in the real world, but not the real thing.Research philosophy for this researchSaunders et al. (2007) argues that usually a combination of positivism and interpretivism are generally used in the management of business research. However, the research philosophy varies according to research question. This research stresses on uphold of gross sales promotional materials on impulse purchases. Various authors have discussed the phenomenon that happens and the researcher is trying to explore the consumer behaviour on impulse purchase. The philosophy that is used in this research is realism. For this the researcher uses acceptable knowledge in the fiel d of impulse purchase and consumer behaviour to understand the impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. The researcher collects and analyses data employ acceptable knowledge for the purpose of answering the research question, so the research is more inclined towards realism.Research ApproachSaunders et al. (2007) states that all research work involves theories and suggests the clarity of researchers theory at the beginning of the research could inform the research the approach taken in designing the research. They, suggest dickens types of research approach of reasoning. They are Inductive approach and deductive approach.Inductive ApproachIn inducive approach, the researcher would collect the data and develop and theory with the result of data analysis. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the following are the features of inductive approach.Gaining an understanding of meanings human attach to eventsA close understanding of research contextA collection o f soft dataA more flexible structure to permit changes of research emphasis as research progressesA realisation that the researcher is part of the research processLess concern with need to generaliseDeductive approachDeductive approach method is the way of tasteing a theory. The researcher will develop a theory and suitable hypothesis. The research strategy is the developed to analyze the hypothesis that is developed.Roboson (2002) suggests a five-stage model through which the deductive stage will progressDeduct a hypothesis from the theoryExpress the hypothesis in operational termsTest the hypothesisExamine outcome of the inquiryModify theory in light of resultsResearch Approach for this researchThe researcher has chosen the deductive approach over the inductive approach for this research. In deductive approach for this research, an initial stage presents a general hypothesis. This initial stage contains secondary data mentioned by various authors. This hypothesis is then tested using the data collection methods to answer the objectives.Research StrategyAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), septette different strategies can be used for a research. They areExperimentSurveyCase studyAction researchGrounded theoryEthnographyarchival researchThe strategy that has to be used can be chosen depending on research questions and objectives, research time and other resources that are available. (Saunders et al., 2007) The most operable solution for this dissertation is the survey method. The survey method is associated with deductive approach. It allows the collection of a large amount of data from sizeable universe of discourse in passing economical way. Utilising the questionnaire, data can be standardised allowing easy compilation. It is also a cheap option for the researcher. The survey strategy also allows collecting denary data, which can be analysed using descriptive tactics. The survey strategy utilises the designing and piloting of data collection method to ensure a good answer rate.In the case of this dissertation, the researcher plans to distribute questionnaire among the customers and thus do the survey for this dissertation. This will be handed out by the researcher himself which adds to the cheapness of the survey. The researcher is also planning to do two mini focus assemblage interviews among the customers. Looking at all these options, the researcher feels that conducting a survey will be the best way to collect data for this research.Research choiceAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), the two main methods of data collection are denary data collection and qualitative data collection. Qualitative data that is used in research would be usually a non-numerical data. It has open-ended information. Example Pictures or video clips. denary data that is used in data would be numerical data consisting of graphs or statistics. It includes close-ended information such as attitude, behaviour of performance instruments. (John and Vi cki, 2007).Saunders et al. (2007, p 146)Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the researcher can use used both qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. This is known as mixed method of data collection. Both these could be done at the same time or one after the other, but the methods cannot be combined.John and Vicki (2007) argue that the weakness of both quantitative and qualitative methods can be overcome by using both the methods. If we use mixed methods, different methods like interview and questionnaire can be used for the study. They also state that mixed method research provides more comprehensive evidence for studying a research question than using just one method of data analysis. This was also mentioned as the most practical method since the researcher is free to use all the methods to address the problem.In the context of this research, the researcher used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative data techniques to find the data. The quantitative data is analysed with the help of questionnaires and the qualitative data is analysed with the help of interviews. The attitudes and impulse get behaviour and perception of customers can be studied using the questionnaire surveys. For the qualitative data analysis, two mini focus radicals consisting of three members each will be conducted by the researcher. The researcher will use the respondents observation and researchers observation to conclude his findings. In short, the researcher uses mixed method of data analysis to generalise the findings. m HorizonAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), time horizons are needed for the research design independent of the research methodology used. There are two types of time horizons namely Longitudinal and Cross-sectional. Longitudinal studies are repeated over an extended period. Cross sectional studies are limited to a unique(predicate) time frame. This research is also limited to a specific time frame and hence the cross sectional time horizo n is used.Data Collection MethodsThere are two types of data involved with this research. The first one is primary data and the second type is secondary data. The secondary data contains the literature review, which is the view by various authors about the topic. The primary data which is collected to prove the hypothesis presented which is collected using secondary data. According to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data may not react the needs of new research aggregations and definitions may also be unsuitable, there for to resolve this primary data has been employed to answer the nature of the problem and test the hypothesis. In other words, the secondary data is the data that is collected for some other purpose while the primary data is collected specifically for this research. alternate dataAccording to Saunders et al. (2007), the secondary data consists of both quantitative and qualitative data. It contains both raw data and published data. Bryman and Bell (2007) stated that it could provide an answer to the research question. They also mentioned about the benefits of collecting secondary data. It helps us structuring ideas, developing new concepts, widen new directions to data, sketch population and organise appropriate approach to the research.Saunders et al. (2007) also mentions that the secondary data should be viewed with the same caution that we view the primary data. The researcher needs to make sure that it will be able to answer the research question and meet his objectives.For this research, the researcher gathered the secondary data from journal articles and textbooks. The journals were electronically collected from the Emerald Insight (http//www. emeraldnisight.com) and Business source complete. The researcher also referred many books and magazines. Books provided the foundation for the topic and for the research methods. The journals helped to get an insight from various authors that discussed about this topic. Magazines helped to find the current situations related to the topic. prime dataPrimary data is collected for the completion of this research. It is the data collected from the survey and we do not have any previous results for this data. There are two categories of data collection available. One of them is quantitative data collection and the second is the qualitative data collection.Qualitative dataThe data that is non-numerical and that cannot be quantified is known as qualitative data. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that the use of interviews can help the researcher to gather valid and reliable data that are relevant to his/her research.There interviews are mainly categorised into two namely standardised and Non-standardised interviews. Standardised interviews will have interview-administered questions where as the other one does not have that. Under non-standardised interviews, there are two categories. They are one-to-one and one-to-many. The one-to-one is further categorised into face-to-face, tele phone and internet/intranet based interviews. The one-to-many interviews are of two kinds group interviews and internet/intranet based group interviews. This kind of group interviews come under a category called focus group interviews.(Saunders et al. (2007) p 313)This research will be using the aid of focus group interviews. The focus group method is a form of group interview in which there are several participants, there is an emphasis on questioning on a tightly defined topic and the accent is upon interaction within the group and the joint construction of meaning. (Bryman and Bell, 2007) The main characteristic of this interview is, it involves more than one interviewee and typically contains four to twelve members. According to Cooper and Schindler (2001), the two advantages of using focus group interview are to get a depth understanding and it is a chance to observe reactions to the research question in an open-ended group setting.For this research, the researcher conducts two mini focus group interviews. These interviews are used to increase the credibly of the research and to form a background for the questionnaire design. The critical analysis of the focus group interviews helped the researcher to critically analyse the sales promotion and its impact on impulse purchasing behaviour of the participants. The researcher was able to find two groups of respondents who were willing to give the focus group interview. These groups contained both phallic and female participants, with the age group between 15 and 30.The interviewees were asked questions about the sales promotional activities in the store. They were also asked about the factors that affect them to buy things impulsively and if scathe promotions affect the impulse purchase. The mini focus interviews helped the researcher in questionnaire design by exploring the responses of sample population to analytically test the hypothesis using quantitative data. The response from the interviewees pulled o ut the conclusions that sales promotions play an important role in impulse buying behaviour of consumers.Quantitative dataThe quantitative data is analysed using survey method. For this research, the researcher uses, questionnaire for the survey method. Saunders et al. (2007) mentions that a questionnaire includes all techniques of data collection in which each person is asked to respond to the same set of questions in a predetermined order. They also mention that it is one of the most widely used data collection within the survey strategy.The questionnaires are used in the research as it permits prompt and honest responses from a respondent than interviews. This sort of response is required for extracting information such as personal information. The biasness that is likely to occur by the difference in phrasing questions to different respondents is also eliminated by using questionnaire. The convenience, availability of resources in terms of time and cost and ease of automating da ta instauration makes questionnaire the best choice for quantitative data analysis.According to Saunders et al. (2007), various factors affect choosing the questionnaire for a research. They areThe characteristics of the respondents to whom the researcher wish to collect the information.Importance of reaching a particular person as respondentSize of the sample required by the researcher for the analysisImportance of the responders answers not being contaminated or distortedThe type of question that the researcher needs to collect the dataThe number of questions that the researcher needs to ask to collect the dataThere are two types of questionnaires namely self-administered questionnaire and interview administered questionnaire. Self-administered questionnaire is used in this research because of its advantage that it can be completed without the presence of the researcher. This is supported by Brace (2004) that the absence seizure of the researcher makes the respondent to be honest and the respondent gets enough time to answer the questions.One important thing that needs to be noted is the nomenclature used in the questionnaire. A simple language is usually preferred than using technical jargons. Bruce (2004) mentions that double barrelled questions and jargon must be avoided in order to reduce confusion among both partiesBryman and Bell (2007) mentions that piloting a questionnaire should be an integral part of the process. Piloting is the process by which the questionnaire is revised and tested until the researcher and clients are happy. It helps the researcher to improve the quality of questionnaire and its efficiency in assembling data. A pilot test was conducted among five MBA International students to validate the questionnaire. found on their feedback, necessary amendments were made to the questions.Table 2 Questionnaire descriptionSl. noCharacteristicsQuestions1Collects the demographic information from respondentsQ1,Q2,Q32Identifies the shopping det ails like oftenness and average spendingQ4, Q53.Identifies the sales promotional activities in the storeQ6,Q7,4Identifies consumers impulse buying behaviour and factorsQ9,Q10,115.Identifies if price promotion affects impulse purchaseQ12,Q13,Q14,Q15The researcher distributed the questionnaires in Tesco retail store, Parnell Street, Dublin-Ireland. The researcher ensured that the consumers got enough time to complete the questionnaire. This researcher did not give any hints to answer the questions and this helped the respondent to honestly answer the questions. The researcher used an online tool called Surveymonkey for the data analysis (www.surveymonkey.com). The response and the scales used are mentioned in the data analysis chapterPopulation and SamplingAccording to Cooper and Schindler (2008), a population is the total collection of elements about which we wish to make some inferences. They also mentioned that to draw the conclusion about the entire population, some of the elemen ts of the population are to be selected and this process is called sampling.Saunders et al. (2007) mentions sampling technique provides a range of methods that enable to reduce the amount of data that is needed for consideration. They further mention that this is an alternative to the nose count method. They provide alternative whenIt would be impractical for the researcher to survey the entire populationThe budget constraints prevent researcher from surveying the entire populationThe time constraints prevents the researcher from surveying the entire populationResults are needed quicklyMayolor and Blackmon (2005), mentions that sampling frame facilitates, conclusion making about the social units that have been selecting units that are representative of the population.Saunders et al. (2007) classifies the sampling techniques into probability sampling Non-probability sampling. In probability sampling, the probability of each case being selected from the population is the same for all cases, where as in non-probability sampling, the probability of case being selected is being unknown.Cooper and Schindler (2008), argues that, if the non-probability sampling is feasible, if the total population for the study is unknown. In this case, the population are the customers of Tesco, Parnell Street, Dublin. Non-probability sampling is further divided into five typesQuota SamplingPurposive samplingSnowball samplingSelf selection samplingConvenience samplingThis research focuses on impact of sales promotion on impulse purchase and consumer loyalty. In this research, the quota sampling is found to be more appropriate for the sampling. Saunders et al., (2007) confirms that with the help of quota sampling, population could be divided into specific groups. This helps in calculating a quota for each group based on appropriate and obtainable data.According to Barnett (1991), cited by Saunders et al. (2007), quota sampling is entirely non-random and is normally used for interview surveys. It is based on the premise that the sample will represent the population, as the variability in the sample for various quota variables is the same as that of the population.For this research, the population is categorises into specific groups. Appropriate estimate from each group is prepared to distinguish the quota based on reliable data. Each interviewer will be analysed and the data will be collected from each quota. The data that is collected are then united to obtain a full sample. The researcher selected the quotas according to the age group and gender. The customers were selected by the respondent randomly first. The researcher then checked the respondents criteria of the age group and selected the people he wanted.Sampling FrameThe frame elements in the population are called the sampling frame. Saunders et al. (2007) states that the larger the samples size, the lower the likely error in generalising to the population. Hence, suitable sample should be governed byThe confidence required in the dataMargin of error that can be toleratedTypes of analysis that needs to be undertakenSize of the total populationThe sampling frame in this research includes the customers in the grocery section in Tesco, Parnell Street. The sampling size, frame and population are defined as followsSampling Size 100Elements Customers of Tesco, Parnell StreetUnits Grocery section in Tesco Parnell StreetExtents Dublin, IrelandSampling Technique Non-probability sampling (quota sampling)Sampling Error 5%Time May 2010-Aug-2010The quotas and total sample size are give below AGE GROUP MALE FEMALE 15-30 25 25 31-50 15 15 51 and above 10 10 TOTAL universe of discourse = 100Time constraint was the main reason for the researcher to select a small population. The researcher ensured that the researcher were ensured ample time to complete the questionnaire. The researcher made sure that the questionnaire had a simple design with no technical jargons used which would have confused peo ple otherwise. The researcher plans to distribute the questions to 100 people and expects a sampling error of 5%. Since it is a self-administered questionnaire, the researcher expects good response from the respondents.

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IntroductionThe recent combat operations in Afghanistan and Iraq pass water expose our military personnel to intense ground combat and hazardous duty. Studies are needed to thoroughly assess the mental health of military personnel who have served in these operations and to reform policy with regard to effective delivery of mental health services to returning veterans.The US Armed Forces has been trying to down different programs to encourage military service members to seek help when needed but are these efforts enough? It is true that the prognosis for a better reference of life for veterans suffering with PTSD is increased through early intervention but no one can force anyone to seek help. According to the depicted object studies 1 in 5 veterans report symptoms of mental disorders. In recent years the VA has developed the Seamless Transition Program which targets the group of soldiers who served in Iraq and Afghanistan. The focus of the program is to deliver a high level of care in a short amount of time but, most importantly, theyre using a holistic approach. This approach requires c...

The Impact of Information Technology on the UK Financial Sector :: Business and Management Studies

The Impact of Information Technology on the UK Financial SectorI have study that in business, development technology can be used ifeffective in a strategic way in order to gain a competitive advantageand this can be seen in the UK financial services. In such an industryit can be said to be one of the closely dynamic and rapidly growingsectors of the economy. Such a rate of change and growth has created aprolific environment for the innovation of entropy technology. Theapplication of information technology has had a qualitative impact bychanging the mode of operation in the financial sector, modifying therange of services provided and linking together geographically isolated financial hubs into a global financial community in order totrade 24 hours a day.For the past two decades organisations have noted that informationtechnology is beta for profitability on both the cost and revenueside. In the financial services sector costs arise from two unspecificareas of operation those co nnected with the management ofinformation, and those with the execution of transactions. Financialservices have always been a labour-intensive industry. The rising costof labour, relative to the cost of former(a) factors of production, hasimposed a burden of rising costs as a proportion of total revenueearned in such organisations as sell banks. The function of IT hasbeen one very important way in which financial services firms havesought to contain their costs. For example, in commercial banking theapplication of attendant generations of computerisation since theearly 1960s has dramatically reduced the size of back-officestaffing, while the growth of expensive paper-based systems for moneytransmission (cheque and credit clearing systems) has been curtailedby the development of paperless computerised fee systems such asBACS (Bankers Automated Clearing System) in the UK and the developmentof EFTPoS (Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale) systems.The role of information techno logy has grown and changed infinitelyin the banking sector. The banking industry has used IT to enableincreases in the volume of transactions as well as the development ofnew products applications have ranged from back-office (check andaccounts) processing, mortgage and lend application processing, andthe electronic funds transfer to more strategic innovations such asautomated teller machines and new kinds of securities. The use of IThas also had some important customer - supplier effects. For thecustomers of service providers, it has been used to improve thequality and variety of services in many industries, especially throughits ability to amass, analyse, and control whacking quantities ofspecialised data. Such improvements include error reduction orincreased precision, faster or more convenient service, and improved